Hei taputapu tohutoro nui i roto i ngā wāhi ine tika, ko te ātete kakahu o ngā pereti karāhe te mea e whakatau tika ana i tōna roanga mahi, te tika o te ine, me te pumau mō te wā roa. E whai ake nei ka whakamāramahia ngā āhuatanga matua o tōna ātete kakahu mai i ngā tirohanga o ngā āhuatanga rauemi, ngā tikanga kakahu, ngā painga mahi, ngā āhuatanga awe, me ngā rautaki tiaki.
1. Ngā Āhuatanga Rauemi me ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Ātete ki te Kakahu
He pakari pai, he hanganga matotoru hoki
Ko te nuinga o ngā papa karāneti he mea hanga ki te pyroxene, te plagioclase, me te iti o te biotite. Mā te pakeketanga ā-taiao mō te wā roa, ka whakawhanakehia he hanganga pai, ka eke ki te pakeketanga Mohs o te 6-7, he pakeketanga takutai e neke ake ana i te HS70, me te kaha pēhi o te 2290-3750 kg/cm².
Mā tēnei hanganga moroiti matotoru (te mimiti wai <0.25%) ka kaha te here i waenga i ngā kōpura, ka hua ake he ātete ki te rakuraku o te mata he nui ake i te rino maka (he HRC 30-40 anake te pakeke).
Te koroheketanga tūturu me te tukunga ahotea ā-roto
I ahu mai ngā papa karāneti i ngā hanganga toka o raro whenua kounga teitei. Whai muri i te koroheketanga tūturu mō ngā miriona tau, kua tukuna ngā ahotea o roto katoa, ā, ka hua ake he tioata pai, matotoru, me te kakano ōrite. Nā tēnei pumau ka iti ake te ngawari ki te pakaru moroiti, ki te whakarerekētanga rānei nā te piki me te heke o te ahotea i te wā e whakamahia ana mō te wā roa, ā, ka mau tonu tōna ātete ki te kakahu i roto i te wā.
II. Ngā Tikanga Kakahu me te Mahi
Ngā Puka Kākahu Matua
Te Paku Whakarara: Ko te tapahi moroiti i puta mai i te paheke, te hurihuri rānei o ngā matūriki mārō i runga i te mata. Ko te pakeke teitei o te karāhe (he rite ki te HRC > 51) e 2-3 ngā wā ka nui ake te ātete ki ngā matūriki whakarara i te rino maka, ka whakaiti nui i te hohonutanga o ngā karawarawa o te mata.
Te Pakarutanga o te Piripiri: Ka puta te whakawhiti rauemi i waenga i ngā mata pa i raro i te pēhanga teitei. Ko ngā āhuatanga kore-whakarewa o te karāhe (kore-aukume me te kore-kirihou) ka ārai i te piri o te whakarewa ki te whakarewa, ka tata ki te kore te tere pakaru.
Te Whakamahinga Ngenge: Te kiri o te mata i puta mai i te ahotea hurihuri. Ko te tere o te whakapūmau o te karāhe (1.3-1.5×10⁶kg/cm²) me te iti o te mimiti wai (<0.13%) e whakarato ana i te ātete ngenge pai rawa atu, e āhei ai te mata ki te pupuri i te kanapa rite ki te whakaata ahakoa te whakamahinga roa.
Ngā Raraunga Mahi Noa
E whakaatu ana ngā whakamātautau he 1/5-1/3 noa iho te kaha o te pakaru o ngā pereti rino maka ki ngā pereti karāhe i raro i ngā tikanga whakahaere ōrite.
Ka noho pumau te uara taratara o te mata Ra i roto i te awhe 0.05-0.1μm mō te wā roa, e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga tika o te Akomanga 000 (te manawanui papatahi ≤ 1×(1+d/1000)μm, ko d te roa whakarara).
III. Ngā Painga Matua o te Ātete ki te Mau
Tauwehenga Waku Iti me te Whakahinuhinu-A-Whaiaro
Ko te mata maeneene o te karāhe, me te tauwehenga waku o te 0.1-0.15 anake, ka iti te ātete e tukuna ana ina paheke ngā taputapu ine i runga, ka whakaiti i te tere pakaru.
Nā te kore-hinu o te karāneti ka kore e pakaru te puehu e mimitihia ana e te hinu whakahinuhinu, ka iti ake ngā utu tiaki i ngā pereti rino maka (e hiahia ana kia pania tonutia te hinu ārai-waikura).
Ātete ki te Waikura Matū me te Waikura
He tino pai te mahi (kāore he waikura i roto i te awhe pH 0-14), he pai mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā taiao makuku me ngā taiao matū.
Mā ngā āhuatanga ātete-waikura ka kore e pakaru te mata i puta mai i te waikura whakarewa, ka hua ake he tere huringa papatahi o te <0.005mm/tau i muri i te whakamahinga roa.
IV. Ngā Take Matua e Pā Ana ki te Ātete ki te Mau
Te Pāmahana me te Makuku o te Ao
Ka taea e ngā piki me ngā heke o te pāmahana (>±5°C) te whakawhanui me te whakaheke i te wera, ka puta ai ngā kapiti moroiti. Ko te taiao mahi e taunakitia ana he pāmahana whakahaeretia o te 20±2°C me te haumākū o te 40-60%.
Ka tere ake te urunga o te makuku i te nui o te haumākū (>70%). Ahakoa he iti te tere mimiti wai o te karāhe, ka taea tonu e te roa o te noho ki te haumākū te whakaiti i te mārō o te mata.
Te Utaina me te Taumahatanga Whakapā
Mā te nui rawa atu i te kawenga kua whakatauria (ko te tikanga he 1/10 o te kaha pēhi) ka pakaru pea te whenua. Hei tauira, ko te kawenga kua whakatauria o tētahi tauira pereti karāhe he 500kg/cm². I te whakamahinga tūturu, me karo i ngā kawenga pānga rangitahi e nui ake ana i tēnei uara.
Ka tere ake te pakaru o te tinana mēnā kāore i te ōrite te tohatoha o te ahotea pā. E taunakihia ana kia whakamahia he hoahoa tautoko e toru ngā ira, he hoahoa kawenga tohatoha ōrite rānei.
Te Tiaki me te Horoi
Kaua e whakamahia he paraihe whakarewa, he taputapu mārō rānei i te wā e horoi ana. Whakamahia he kakahu kore puehu kua whakamakukuhia ki te waipiro isopropyl kia kore ai e rakuraku te mata.
Tirohia te taratara o te mata i ia wā. Mena ka neke atu te uara Ra i te 0.2μm, me huri anō, me whakatika.
V. Ngā Rautaki Tiaki me te Whakapai ake mō te Ātete ki te Kakahu
Te Whakamahinga Tika me te Rokiroki
Āraia ngā pānga kino, ngā hinganga rānei. Mēnā ka nui ake te kaha pānga i te 10J, ka ngaro pea te witi.
Whakamahia he tautoko i te wā e rokiroki ana, ka hipoki i te mata ki te kiriata ātete puehu hei ārai i te puehu kei uru ki roto i ngā pūwero moroiti.
Whakahaerehia te Whakatikatika Tika Auau
Tirohia te papatahi mā te whakamahi i te taumata hiko i ia ono marama. Mēnā ka nui ake te hapa i te awhe manawanui (hei tauira, ko te hapa e whakaaetia ana mō te pereti 00-grade he ≤2×(1+d/1000)μm), whakahokia ki te wheketere kia whakatikatikahia.
Tāpirihia te ware pi tiaki i mua i te rokiroki mō te wā roa hei whakaiti i te waikura mai i te taiao.
Ngā Tikanga Whakatika me te Hanga Anō
Ka taea te whakatika ā-rohe i te pakaru o te mata <0.1mm mā te whakamahi i te whakapiri taimana whakakoi hei whakahoki mai i te āhua whakaata o Ra ≤0.1μm.
Me whakahoki ki te wheketere kia huri anō mēnā he hōhonu te pakaru (>0.3mm), engari ka whakaitihia te matotoru katoa o te pereti (tawhiti huri kotahi ≤0.5mm).
Ko te ātete ki te kakahu o ngā pereti karāneti i ahu mai i te hononga i waenga i ōna āhuatanga kohuke tūturu me te miihini tika. Mā te arotau i te taiao whakamahinga, te whakarite i te tukanga tiaki me te whakamahi i ngā hangarau whakatika, ka taea tonu e ia te whakaatu i ōna painga o te tika pai me te roa o te ora i roto i te wāhanga ine tika, ka noho hei taputapu paearu i roto i te hanga ahumahi.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-10-2025