1. Tirotiro Kounga Āhua Whānui
Ko te tirotiro whānui i te kounga o te āhua he taahiraa matua i roto i te tuku me te whakaae i ngā wāhanga karāhe. Me manatoko ngā tohu maha-ahu hei whakarite kia tutuki i te hua ngā whakaritenga hoahoa me ngā horopaki tono. Ko ngā whakatakotoranga tirotiro e whai ake nei kua whakarapopototia ki ngā waahanga matua e whā: te pono, te kounga o te mata, te rahi me te āhua, me te tapanga me te takai:
Tirotiro Pono
Me tirotirohia pai ngā wāhanga karāhe mō ngā kino ā-tinana. Kāore e whakaaetia kia whakamahia ngā hapa e pā ana ki te kaha me te mahi o te hanganga, pērā i ngā kapiti o te mata, ngā taha me ngā kokonga pakaru, ngā poke kua whakauruhia, ngā whati, ngā hapa rānei. E ai ki ngā whakaritenga hou o GB/T 18601-2024 "Ngā Papa Hanga Karāhe Taiao," kua tino whakaitihia te maha o ngā hapa e whakaaetia ana pērā i ngā kapiti ki te whakataurite ki te putanga o mua o te paerewa, ā, kua mukua ngā whakaritenga e pā ana ki ngā ira tae me ngā hapa rārangi tae i te putanga 2009, e whakapakari ake ana i te mana whakahaere i te hanganga. Mō ngā wāhanga āhua motuhake, me tirotirohia anō te hanganga i muri i te tukatuka hei karo i ngā kino huna i puta mai i ngā āhua uaua. Ngā Paerewa Matua: E whakamārama ana te GB/T 20428-2006 "Rock Leveler" me kore he hapa o te mata mahi me ngā taha o te karāhe pērā i ngā kapiti, ngā pakaru, te kakano wetekina, ngā tohu kakahu, ngā wera, me ngā karawarawa ka pā kino ki te āhua me te mahi.
Kounga Mata
Me whai whakaaro te whakamātautau kounga o te mata ki te maeneene, te kanapa, me te ōritetanga o te tae:
Te Pākarukaru o te Mata: Mō ngā mahi hangarau tino tika, me tutuki te pākarukaru o te mata ki te Ra ≤ 0.63μm. Mō ngā mahi whānui, ka taea tēnei te whakatutuki i runga i te kirimana. Ka taea e ētahi kamupene tukatuka matatau, pērā i te Sishui County Huayi Stone Craft Factory, te whakatutuki i te mutunga mata o te Ra ≤ 0.8μm mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu huri me te whakakanapa kawemai.
Kanapa: Me tutuki i ngā mata whakaata (JM) te kanapa motuhake o te ≥ 80GU (paerewa ASTM C584), i inehia mā te whakamahi i tētahi mita kanapa ngaio i raro i ngā pūtake mārama paerewa. Whakahaere rerekētanga tae: Me mahi tēnei i roto i tētahi taiao kāore he rā tika. Ka taea te whakamahi i te "tikanga whakatakotoranga pereti paerewa": ka whakatakotoria ngā papa mai i te puranga kotahi ki roto i te awheawhe whakatakotoranga, ā, ka whakatikatikaina ngā whakawhiti tae me te witi kia rite ai te āhua. Mō ngā hua āhua motuhake, e whā ngā taahiraa e hiahiatia ana mō te whakahaere rerekētanga tae: e rua ngā huringa o te kōwhiringa rauemi mata i te maina me te wheketere, te whakatakotoranga wai me te whakatikatika tae i muri i te tapahi me te wehewehe, me te whakatakotoranga tuarua me te whakatikatika pai i muri i te huri me te whakakanapa. Ka taea e ētahi kamupene te whakatutuki i te tika rerekētanga tae o te ΔE ≤ 1.5.
Te Tika o te Ahu me te Āhua
Ka whakamahia he huinga o ngā "taputapu tika me ngā whakatakotoranga paerewa" hei whakarite kia tutuki i ngā ātete ā-ahu me ā-ira ngā whakaritenga hoahoa:
Ngā Utauta Ine: Whakamahia ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā calipers vernier (tika ≥ 0.02mm), ngā maikiromita (tika ≥ 0.001mm), me ngā interferometers laser. Me tutuki ngā interferometers laser ki ngā paerewa ine pēnei i te JJG 739-2005 me te JB/T 5610-2006. Tirotiro Papatahi: E ai ki te GB/T 11337-2004 "Rapu Hapa Papatahi," ka inehia te hapa papatahi mā te whakamahi i te interferometer laser. Mō ngā tono tika, me ≤0.02mm/m te manawanui (e ai ki te tika o te Akomanga 00 kua tohua i roto i te GB/T 20428-2006). Ka whakarōpūtia ngā rauemi pepa noa mā te taumata, hei tauira, ko te manawanui papatahi mō ngā rauemi pepa kua oti te whakaoti he ≤0.80mm mō te Taumata A, ≤1.00mm mō te Taumata B, me ≤1.50mm mō te Taumata C.
Manawanui Matotoru: Mō ngā rauemi pepa kua oti te whakaoti, ko te manawanui mō te matotoru (H) ka whakahaeretia kia: ±0.5mm mō te Taumata A, ±1.0mm mō te Taumata B, me te ±1.5mm mō te Taumata C, mō te H ≤12mm. Ka taea e ngā taputapu tapahi CNC aunoa katoa te pupuri i te manawanui tika o ngā āhuatanga o te ≤0.5mm.
Te Tohu me te Tākai
Ngā Whakaritenga Tohu: Me mārama, me pakari hoki te tapanga o ngā mata wāhanga me ngā mōhiohio pēnei i te tauira, ngā whakatakotoranga, te tau puranga, me te rā hanga. Me whakauru hoki he tau tukatuka ki ngā wāhanga āhua motuhake hei whakahaere i te whai me te taurite tāutanga. Ngā Whakatakotoranga Takai: Me tutuki te takai i te GB/T 191 "Tohu Pikitia Takai, Rokiroki, me te Kawe." Me whakapiri ngā tohu ātete makuku me te ātete ru, ā, me whakatinana e toru ngā taumata o ngā mahi tiaki: ① Pania he hinu ārai-waikura ki ngā mata e pā ana; ② Takai ki te pahuka EPE; ③ Whakauhia ki te papa rakau, ā, tāutahia he papa ārai-paheke ki raro o te papa hei ārai i te nekehanga i te wā e kawe ana. Mō ngā wāhanga kua huihuia, me takai kia rite ki te raupapa tau o te hoahoa huihuinga hei karo i te whakapoauau i te wā e huihui ana i te papa.
Ngā Tikanga Whai Hua mō te Whakahaere i ngā Rerekētanga Tae: Ka tīpakohia ngā rauemi poraka mā te whakamahi i te "tikanga rehu wai taha-ono". Ka rehuhia te wai ki runga i te mata o te poraka e tētahi mīhini rehu wai motuhake. I muri i te whakamaroketanga mā te pēhi pēhanga tonu, ka tirotirohia te poraka mō ngā kakano, ngā rerekētanga tae, ngā poke, me ētahi atu hapa i a ia e maroke tonu ana. He tika ake te tautuhi a tēnei tikanga i ngā rerekētanga tae huna i te tirotiro tirohanga tuku iho.
2. Te Whakamātautau Pūtaiao o ngā Āhuatanga Ā-tinana
Ko te whakamātautau pūtaiao o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana he wāhanga matua o te whakahaere kounga o ngā wāhanga karāhe. Mā te whakamātautau pūnaha o ngā tohu matua pēnei i te pakeke, te mātotoru, te pumau o te wera, me te ātete ki te pirau, ka taea e tātou te aromatawai whānui i ngā āhuatanga ā-roto o te rauemi me te pono o te ratonga mō te wā roa. E whai ake nei ka whakamāramahia ngā tikanga whakamātautau pūtaiao me ngā whakaritenga hangarau mai i ngā tirohanga e whā.
Whakamātautau Pakeke
Ko te pakeketanga te tohu matua o te ātete o te karāhe ki te kakahu ā-mīhini me te rakuraku, e whakatau tika ana i te roa o te mahi a te wāhanga. Ko te pakeketanga Mohs e whakaata ana i te ātete o te mata o te rauemi ki te rakuraku, ko te pakeketanga o te takutai e whakaahua ana i ōna āhuatanga pakeke i raro i ngā kawenga hihiri. Ka noho tahi rāua hei pūtake mō te aromatawai i te ātete kakahutanga.
Ngā Taputapu Whakamātautau: Whakamātautau Pakeke Mohs (Tikanga Waru), Whakamātautau Pakeke Takutai (Tikanga Whakahoki)
Paerewa Whakatinanatanga: GB/T 20428-2006 “Ngā Tikanga Whakamātautau mō te Kōhatu Taiao – Whakamātautau Pakari o te Takutai”
Paepae Whakaae: Te Pakari o Mohs ≥ 6, Te Pakari o te Takutai ≥ HS70
Whakamārama Hononga: He hononga pai te uara pakeke ki te ātete kakahu. Mā te pakeke Mohs o te 6, neke atu rānei, ka ārai te mata o te wāhanga i te rakuraku mai i te waku o ia rā, ko te pakeke o te takutai e tutuki ana i te paerewa ka ārai i te hanganga i raro i ngā kawenga pānga. Whakamātautau Kiato me te Mimi Wai
Ko te matotoru me te mimiti wai ngā tawhā matua mō te aromatawai i te kiato me te ātete o te karāhe ki te urunga. Ko ngā rauemi matotoru he iti ake te porosity. Ko te mimiti wai iti ka ārai i te urunga mai o te makuku me ngā mea waikura, ka whakapai ake i te roa.
Ngā Taputapu Whakamātautau: Taurite hiko, oumu whakamaroke korehau, mita mātotoru
Paerewa Whakatinanatanga: GB/T 9966.3 “Ngā Tikanga Whakamātautau Kōhatu Taiao – Wāhanga 3: Ngā Whakamātautau Mimi Wai, Te Matūtū Papatipu, Te Matūtū Pono, me te Matūtū Pono”
Paepae Whai Mana: Kiato papatipu ≥ 2.55 g/cm³, mimiti wai ≤ 0.6%
Pānga ki te Pakari: Ina ≥ 2.55 g/cm³ te mātotoru me te mimiti wai ≤ 0.6%, ka tino kaha ake te ātete o te kōhatu ki te huka-rewa me te maturuturunga tote, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o ngā hapa e pā ana ki tēnei mea pērā i te whakapūmautanga waro o te raima me te waikura o te maitai.
Whakamātautau Pūmautanga Wera
Ka whaihanga te whakamātautau pumau wera i ngā piki me ngā heke o te pāmahana hei aromatawai i te pumau o ngā āhuatanga me te ātete ki te pakaru o ngā wāhanga karāhe i raro i te ahotea wera. Ko te tauwehenga whānui wera he inenga aromatawai matua. Ngā Taputapu Whakamātautau: Te Rūma Pahikara Mahana Teitei me te Iti, Te Inenga Whakawhiti Taiaho
Tikanga Whakamātautau: 10 huringa pāmahana mai i te -40°C ki te 80°C, e rua hāora te roa o ia huringa
Tohutoro: Tauwehenga Whānui Wera e whakahaeretia ana i roto i te 5.5×10⁻⁶/K ± 0.5
Te Hiranga Hangarau: Ka ārai tēnei tauwehenga i te tipu o ngā kapiti moroiti nā te kohikohinga o te ahotea wera i roto i ngā wāhanga e pāngia ana e ngā huringa pāmahana o te wā, e ngā piki me ngā heke o te pāmahana o te awatea rānei, ā, he tino pai mō te whakaaturanga o waho, mō ngā taiao mahi pāmahana teitei rānei.
Whakamātautau Ātete Huka me te Whakatiotanga Tote: Ka aromatawaihia e tēnei whakamātautau ātete huka me te whakatiotanga tote te ātete o te kōhatu ki te pirau mai i ngā huringa huka-rewa me te whakatiotanga tote, i hangaia mō te whakamahi i ngā rohe makariri me te tote-kawakore. Whakamātautau Ātete Huka (EN 1469):
Āhua Tauira: Ngā tauira kōhatu kua mākūkū ki te wai
Tukanga Hurihuri: Whakatiohia ki te -15°C mō ngā hāora e 4, kātahi ka whakarewahia ki te wai 20°C mō ngā huringa e 48, kia 48 katoa ngā huringa.
Paearu Tohu: Te ngaronga papatipu ≤ 0.5%, te whakaiti i te kaha piko ≤ 20%
Whakamātautau Whakatiotanga Tote (EN 12370):
Horopaki e tika ana: He kōhatu pūwero me te tere mimiti wai neke atu i te 3%
Tukanga Whakamātautau: 15 huringa rumakina ki roto i te otinga 10% Na₂SO₄, ā, muri iho ka whakamaroke.
Paearu Aromatawai: Kāore he kiriuhi, he ngatata rānei o te mata, kāore he kino hanganga moroiti
Rautaki Whakakotahitanga Whakamātautau: Mō ngā takutai moana makariri me te kohu tote, me whakamātautau ngā huringa tio-rewa me te whakamātautau whakatiotanga tote. Mō ngā rohe maroke o uta, ko te whakamātautau ātete huka anake ka taea te mahi, engari ko te kōhatu he nui ake te tere mimiti wai i te 3% me whakamātautau whakatiotanga tote.
3、Tiwhikete Whakatutukitanga me te Paerewa
Ko te whakamanatanga me te tiwhikete paerewa o ngā wāhanga karāhe he taahiraa matua ki te whakarite i te kounga hua, te haumaru, me te urunga ki te mākete. Me tutuki i te wā kotahi ngā whakaritenga ā-rohe, ngā ture mākete o te ao, me ngā paerewa pūnaha whakahaere kounga ahumahi. E whai ake nei ka whakamāramahia ēnei whakaritenga mai i ngā tirohanga e toru: te pūnaha paerewa ā-rohe, te whakaritenga paerewa o te ao, me te pūnaha tiwhikete haumaru.
Pūnaha Paerewa ā-Rohe
Ko te whakaputanga me te whakaae i ngā wāhanga karāhe i Haina me piri pono ki ngā paerewa matua e rua: GB/T 18601-2024 "Ngā Papa Hanga Karāhe Taiao" me GB 6566 "Ngā Herenga o ngā Irahiko i roto i ngā Rauemi Hanga." Ko te GB/T 18601-2024, te paerewa ā-motu hou e whakakapi ana i te GB/T 18601-2009, e pā ana ki te whakaputanga, te tohatoha, me te whakaae i ngā panera e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā kaupapa whakapaipai whare mā te whakamahi i te tikanga here piri. Ko ngā whakahoutanga matua ko:
Te whakarōpūtanga mahi kua arotauhia: Kua mārama te whakarōpūtanga o ngā momo hua e ai ki te horopaki tono, kua tangohia te whakarōpūtanga o ngā panera piko, ā, kua pai ake te hototahi ki ngā tikanga hanga;
Ngā whakaritenga mahi whakapai ake: Kua tāpirihia ngā tohu pēnei i te ātete huka, te ātete pānga, me te tauwehenga ārai-paheke (≥0.5), ā, kua tangohia ngā tikanga tātari toka me te kohuke, me te arotahi nui ki te mahi hangarau mahi;
Ngā whakaritenga whakamātautau kua whakatikatikaina: Ka whakaratohia ki ngā kaiwhakawhanake, ki ngā kamupene hanga, me ngā tari whakamātautau ngā tikanga whakamātautau kotahi me ngā paearu aromatawai.
Mō te haumaru irahiko, e whakahau ana te GB 6566 kia ≤ 1.0 te taupū irahiko ā-roto (IRa) me te taupū irahiko ā-waho (Iγ) ≤ 1.3 ngā wāhanga o te karāhe, kia kore ai he tūponotanga irahiko ki te hauora o te tangata e pāngia ana e ngā rauemi hanga. Te Hototahi ki ngā Paerewa o te Ao
Me tutuki ngā wāhanga karāhe kua kaweakehia ki ngā paerewa ā-rohe o te mākete ūnga. Ko te ASTM C1528/C1528M-20e1 me te EN 1469 ngā paerewa matua mō ngā mākete o Amerika Te Raki me te EU.
ASTM C1528/C1528M-20e1 (paerewa o te American Society for Testing and Materials): Hei aratohu whakaae a te umanga mō te whiriwhiri i te kōhatu ine, e tohutoro ana ki ētahi paerewa e pā ana, tae atu ki te ASTM C119 (Whakatakotoranga Paerewa mō te Kōhatu Ine) me te ASTM C170 (Whakamātautau Kaha Pehi). Mā tēnei ka whakaratohia he anga hangarau whānui ki ngā kaihoahoa me ngā kaimahi kirimana mai i te whiriwhiri hoahoa ki te tāutanga me te whakaae, me te whakanui me tutuki te tono kōhatu i ngā ture hanga ā-rohe.
EN 1469 (paerewa EU): Mō ngā hua kōhatu e kaweake ana ki te EU, ko tēnei paerewa te pūtake whakahau mō te tiwhikete CE, me tohu tūturu ngā hua ki te tau paerewa, te tohu mahi (hei tauira, A1 mō ngā papa o waho), te whenua taketake, me ngā mōhiohio a te kaihanga. Ka whakapakari ake te whakahoutanga hou i te whakamātautau āhuatanga ā-tinana, tae atu ki te kaha piko ≥8MPa, te kaha pēhi ≥50MPa, me te ātete huka. Me whakatū hoki e ngā kaihanga he pūnaha whakahaere whakaputa wheketere (FPC) e kapi ana i te tirotiro rauemi mata, te aroturuki tukanga whakaputa, me te tirotiro hua kua oti.
Pūnaha Tiwhikete Haumaru
Ka wehewehea te tiwhikete haumaru mō ngā wāhanga karāhe i runga i te horopaki tono, ko te nuinga kei roto ko te tiwhikete haumaru pā kai me te tiwhikete pūnaha whakahaere kounga.
Ngā tono pā ki te kai: Me whai tiwhikete FDA, me te arotahi ki te whakamātautau i te hekenga matū o te kōhatu i te wā e pā ana ki te kai kia tutuki ai ngā paepae haumaru kai i te tukunga o ngā konganuku taumaha me ngā matū morearea.
Whakahaere Kounga Whānui: Ko te tiwhikete pūnaha whakahaere kounga ISO 9001 he whakaritenga matua o te umanga. Kua whiwhi ngā kamupene pēnei i a Jiaxiang Xulei Stone me Jinchao Stone i tēnei tiwhikete, ā, kua whakatūria he tikanga whakahaere kounga whānui mai i te keri rauemi mata ki te whakaae ki ngā hua kua oti. Ko ngā tauira noa ko ngā mahi tirotiro kounga e 28 i whakatinanahia i roto i te kaupapa Country Garden, e kapi ana i ngā tohu matua pēnei i te tika o ngā āhuatanga, te papatahi o te mata, me te irahiko. Me whakauru ngā tuhinga tiwhikete i ngā pūrongo whakamātautau tuatoru (pēnei i te whakamātautau irahiko me te whakamātautau āhuatanga ā-tinana) me ngā rekoata whakahaere whakaputa wheketere (pēnei i ngā rangitaki whakahaere pūnaha FPC me ngā tuhinga whai rauemi mata), me te whakatū i tētahi mekameka whai kounga katoa.
Ngā Kaupapa Matua mō te Whakatutukitanga
Me tutuki i ngā hoko ā-rohe ngā whakaritenga mahi o GB/T 18601-2024 me ngā herenga irahiko o GB 6566 i te wā kotahi;
Me whai tiwhikete EN 1469 ngā hua e kaweake ana ki te EU, me mau hoki te tohu CE me te whakatauranga mahi A1;
Me pupuri e ngā kamupene kua whai tiwhikete ISO 9001 ngā pūkete whakahaere whakaputa me ngā pūrongo whakamātautau mō te iti rawa kia toru tau te roa, hei arotake mana whakahaere.
Mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūnaha paerewa maha-ahu, ka taea e ngā wāhanga karāhe te whakahaere kounga puta noa i tō rātou huringa ora katoa, mai i te hanga ki te tuku, me te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga ture o ngā mākete ā-rohe me te ao.
4. Te Whakahaere Tuhinga Whakaae Paerewa
Ko te whakahaere tuhinga whakaae paerewa he mehua matua mō te tuku me te whakaae i ngā wāhanga karāhe. Mā roto i tētahi pūnaha tuhinga pūnaha, ka whakatūria he mekameka whai kounga hei whakarite i te whai me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga puta noa i te huringa ora o ngā wāhanga. Ko tēnei pūnaha whakahaere e kapi ana i ngā wae matua e toru: ngā tuhinga tiwhikete kounga, ngā rārangi tuku me te tākai, me ngā pūrongo whakaae. Me piri pono ia wae ki ngā paerewa ā-motu me ngā whakaritenga ahumahi hei hanga i tētahi pūnaha whakahaere porowhita kati.
Ngā Tuhinga Tiwhikete Kounga: Te Whakatutukitanga me te Manatoko Whakamana
Ko ngā tuhinga tiwhikete kounga te taunakitanga matua o te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga kounga o ngā wāhanga, ā, me tino oti, me tika, me tutuki hoki i ngā paerewa ture. Kei roto i te rārangi tuhinga matua:
Tiwhikete Rauemi: Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā mōhiohio taketake pēnei i te takenga mai o te rauemi taratara, te rā keri, me te hanganga kohuke. Me rite ki te tau o te taonga tūturu hei whakarite i te whai i ngā mea e hiahiatia ana. I mua i te wehenga atu o te rauemi taratara i te maina, me whakaoti he tirotiro maina, me te tuhi i te raupapa keri me te tūnga kounga tuatahi hei whakarato i tētahi paearu mō te kounga tukatuka i muri mai. Me whakauru e ngā pūrongo whakamātautau tuatoru ngā āhuatanga tūturu (pēnei i te mātotoru me te mimiti wai), ngā āhuatanga miihini (kaha pēhi me te kaha piko), me te whakamātautau irahiko. Me whai tohu CMA te whakahaere whakamātautau (hei tauira, he whakahaere rongonui pēnei i te Beijing Inspection and Quarantine Institute). Me mārama te tohu o te tau paerewa whakamātautau i roto i te pūrongo, hei tauira, ko ngā hua whakamātautau kaha pēhi i roto i te GB/T 9966.1, "Ngā Tikanga Whakamātautau mō te Kōhatu Taiao - Wāhanga 1: Ngā Whakamātautau Kaha Pēhi i muri i te Maroke, te Makuku Wai, me ngā Huringa Freeze-Thaw." Me tutuki te whakamātautau irahiko ki ngā whakaritenga o te GB 6566, "Ngā Herenga o ngā Irahiko i roto i ngā Rauemi Hanga."
Ngā Tuhinga Tiwhikete Motuhake: Me whakarato hoki ngā hua kaweake i ngā tuhinga tohu CE, tae atu ki tētahi pūrongo whakamātautau me te Whakapuakitanga Mahi a te kaihanga (DoP) i tukuna e tētahi rōpū whakamōhio. Me tuku hoki e ngā hua e whai wāhi ana ki te Pūnaha 3 he tiwhikete Mana Whakaputa Wheketere (FPC) hei whakarite kia tutukihia ngā whakaritenga hangarau mō ngā hua kōhatu tūturu i roto i ngā paerewa EU pērā i te EN 1469.
Ngā Whakaritenga Matua: Me tāia ngā tuhinga katoa ki te hiri mana me te hiri i waenganui i ngā rārangi o te whakahaere whakamātautau. Me tohu ngā tārua "he rite ki te taketake" ā, me hainatia, me whakaūtia hoki e te kaiwhakarato. Me roa ake te wā whai mana o te tuhinga i tua atu i te rā tuku kia kore ai e whakamahia ngā raraunga whakamātautau kua pau te wā. Ngā Rārangi Tukunga me ngā Rārangi Tākai: Te Whakahaere Tika i ngā Whakahaere
Ko ngā rārangi tuku me ngā rārangi tākai he huarahi matua e hono ana i ngā whakaritenga ota ki te tuku ā-tinana, e hiahiatia ana he tikanga manatoko taumata-toru hei whakarite i te tika o te tuku. Kei roto i te tukanga motuhake:
Pūnaha Tautuhi Motuhake: Me tapanga tūturu ia wāhanga ki tētahi tohu motuhake, he waehere QR, he waehere pae rānei (e taunakihia ana te whakairo laser hei ārai i te pakaru). Kei roto i tēnei tohu ngā mōhiohio pēnei i te tauira wāhanga, te tau ota, te puranga tukatuka, me te kaitirotiro kounga. I te wāhanga rauemi mata, me tau ngā wāhanga kia rite ki te raupapa i keria ai, ā, me tohu ki te peita ātete-horoi i ngā pito e rua. Me mahi ngā tukanga kawe me te uta me te tango i te raupapa i keria ai hei ārai i te ranu rauemi.
Tukanga Manatoko Taumata-Toru: Ko te taumata tuatahi o te manatoko (ota vs. rārangi) e whakaū ana kei te rite te waehere rauemi, ngā whakatakotoranga, me te rahinga i roto i te rārangi ki te kirimana hoko; ko te taumata tuarua o te manatoko (rārangi vs. takai) e manatoko ana kei te ōrite te tapanga pouaka takai ki te tohu ahurei i roto i te rārangi; ā, ko te taumata tuatoru o te manatoko (takai vs. hua tūturu) me wetewete me te tirotiro tūmatanui, me te whakataurite i ngā tawhā hua tūturu ki ngā raraunga rārangi mā te matawai i te waehere QR/paekōwae. Me tutuki ngā whakatakotoranga takai ki ngā whakaritenga tohu, takai, kawe, me te rokiroki o GB/T 18601-2024, "Ngā Papa Hanga Granite Taiao." Me whakarite kei te tika te kaha o te rauemi takai mō te taumaha o te wāhanga, ā, kia kore ai e pakaru ngā kokonga i te wā e kawe ana.
Pūrongo Whakaae: Whakaū i ngā Hua me te Whakatakotoranga i ngā Kawenga
Ko te pūrongo whakaae te tuhinga whakamutunga o te tukanga whakaae. Me tuhi whānuitia te tukanga whakamātautau me ngā hua, me te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga whai i raro i te pūnaha whakahaere kounga ISO 9001. Ko ngā ihirangi matua o te pūrongo ko:
Rekoata Raraunga Whakamātautau: Ngā uara whakamātautau ā-tinana me ā-mīhini taipitopito (hei tauira, te hapa papatahi ≤ 0.02 mm/m, te pakeke ≥ 80 HSD), ngā rerekētanga ā-ahu (te roa/whānui/te matotoru o te manawanui ±0.5 mm), me ngā tūtohi tāpiri o ngā raraunga ine taketake mai i ngā taputapu tika pērā i ngā ine whakawhiti laser me ngā mita kanapa (e taunakitia ana kia puritia kia toru ngā ira tekau). Me tino whakahaere te taiao whakamātautau, me te pāmahana o te 20 ± 2°C me te haumākū o te 40%-60% hei ārai i ngā āhuatanga taiao kei whakararuraru i te tika o te ine. Te Whakahaere Kore-Tuturu: Mō ngā taonga e neke atu ana i ngā whakaritenga paerewa (hei tauira, te hohonu o te rakuraku mata >0.2mm), me mārama te whakaahua i te wāhi me te whānuitanga o te hapa, me te mahere mahi tika (te mahi anō, te whakaheke, te tango rānei). Me tuku e te kaiwhakarato he whakaaetanga whakatika tuhituhi i roto i ngā haora 48.
Waitohu me te Pūranga: Me haina te pūrongo, me tā te māngai whakaae o te kaiwhakarato me te kaihoko, me te whakaatu mārama i te rā whakaae me te whakatau (kua whakaaetia/kua tatari/kua whakakahoretia). Me whakauru hoki ki te pūranga ngā tiwhikete whakatikatika mō ngā taputapu whakamātautau (hei tauira, te pūrongo tika o te taputapu ine i raro i te JJG 117-2013 "Granite Slab Calibration Specification") me ngā tuhinga o ngā "tirotirotanga e toru" (tirotiro-ā-koe, tirotiro tahi, me te tirotiro motuhake) i te wā o te tukanga hanga, hei hanga i tētahi tuhinga kounga katoa.
Te Aroturuki: Me whakamahi te tau pūrongo i te whakatakotoranga "waehere kaupapa + tau + tau rangatū" me te hono atu ki te tohu motuhake o te wāhanga. Ka tutuki te aro turuki rua-ara i waenga i ngā tuhinga hiko me ngā tuhinga ā-tinana mā te pūnaha ERP, ā, me pupuri te pūrongo mō te iti rawa e rima tau (neke atu rānei i runga i te whakaaetanga i roto i te kirimana). Mā te whakahaere paerewa o te pūnaha tuhinga kua whakahuatia ake nei, ka taea te whakahaere i te kounga o te tukanga katoa o ngā wāhanga karāhe mai i ngā rauemi mata ki te tuku, me te whakarato tautoko raraunga pono mō te tāutanga, te hanga me te tiaki i muri i te hoko.
5. Mahere Waka me te Whakahaere Mōrearea
He tino pakarukaru ngā wāhanga o te karāhe, ā, me tino tika te whakarite, nō reira me whai pūnaha hoahoa me te pūnaha whakahaere mōrearea mō te kawe. Mā te whakauru i ngā mahi me ngā paerewa a te ahumahi, me whakarite te mahere kawe puta noa i ngā āhuatanga e toru: te urutaunga momo kawe, te whakamahi i ngā hangarau tiaki, me ngā tikanga whakawhiti mōrearea, me te whakarite kia rite te whakahaere kounga mai i te tukunga mai i te wheketere ki te whakaaetia.
Te Kōwhiringa i runga i te Horopaki me te Manatoko-Mua i ngā Tikanga Kawe
Me arotau ngā whakaritenga kawe waka i runga i te tawhiti, ngā āhuatanga o ngā wāhanga, me ngā whakaritenga o te kaupapa. Mō ngā kawe waka poto (te tikanga ≤300 km), ko te kawe waka rori te mea pai ake, nā te mea ka taea te tuku mai i te tatau ki te tatau, ā, ka whakaiti i ngā mate o te kawe waka. Mō ngā kawe waka tawhiti (>300 km), ko te kawe tereina te mea pai ake, me te whakamahi i tōna pumau hei whakaiti i te pānga o te aueue tawhiti. Mō ngā kaweake, he mea nui te kawe waka nui, kia tutuki ai ngā ture utanga o te ao. Ahakoa te tikanga e whakamahia ana, me whakahaere he whakamātautau tākai i mua i te kawe waka hei manatoko i te whai huatanga o te otinga tākai, me te whakatauira i te pānga 30 km/h kia pai ai te kino o te hanganga ki ngā wāhanga. Me whakamahi te whakamahere huarahi i tētahi pūnaha GIS hei karo i ngā wāhi morearea e toru: ngā pihi tonu me ngā pari neke atu i te 8°, ngā rohe kore pumau o te whenua me te kaha rū whenua o mua ≥6, me ngā wāhi he maha ngā āhuatanga huarere kino (pēnei i ngā awhiowhio me te hukarere nui) i ngā tau e toru kua hipa. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei ngā mōrearea taiao o waho i te pūtake o te huarahi.
He mea nui kia mōhiotia ahakoa e whakarato ana a GB/T 18601-2024 i ngā whakaritenga whānui mō te "kawe me te rokiroki" o ngā pereti karāhe, kāore e tohua ana ngā mahere kawe taipitopito. Nō reira, i roto i te mahi tūturu, me tāpiri ngā whakatakotoranga hangarau tāpiri i runga i te taumata tika o te wāhanga. Hei tauira, mō ngā papa karāhe tino tika o te Akomanga 000, me aroturuki ngā rerekētanga o te pāmahana me te haumākū puta noa i te kawe (me te whānuitanga whakahaere o te 20±2°C me te haumākū o te 50%±5%) hei ārai i ngā huringa taiao mai i te tuku i te ahotea o roto me te whakaputa i ngā pekapeka tika.
Pūnaha Tiaki Papa-Toru me ngā Whakatakotoranga Whakahaere
I runga i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā wāhanga karāhe, me whakauru ngā tikanga tiaki i tētahi huarahi "whakapūmau-whakatika-wehewehe" e toru-paparanga, me te piri pono ki te paerewa tiaki whenua ASTM C1528. Ko te papa tiaki o roto kua takaihia katoatia ki te pahuka pērara matotoru 20 mm, me te arotahi ki te whakapiko i ngā kokonga o ngā wāhanga hei ārai i ngā pito koi mai i te wero i te takai o waho. Ko te papa tiaki o waenganui kua whakakīia ki ngā papa pahuka EPS he ≥30 kg/m³ te matotoru, e mimiti ana i te kaha wiri kawe mā te whakarerekētanga. Me whakahaere te āputa i waenga i te pahuka me te mata o te wāhanga ki te ≤5 mm hei ārai i te nekehanga me te waku i te wā e kawe ana. Ko te papa tiaki o waho kua whakapūmauhia ki tētahi anga rakau totoka (he pai ake te paina, te paina rānei) me te wāhanga whakawhiti kāore i raro iho i te 50 mm × 80 mm. Mā ngā whāriki me ngā pūtu whakarewa ka mau tonu te mau hei ārai i te nekehanga whanaunga o ngā wāhanga i roto i te anga.
Mō te whakahaere, me tino piri ki te mātāpono o te "whakahaere me te tupato". Me whai urunga rapa ngā taputapu uta me te tango, kaua e neke atu i te rua ngā wāhanga e hikitia ana i te wā kotahi, ā, me ≤1.5 m te teitei o te puranga hei karo i te pēhanga nui ka puta ai he pakaru iti i roto i ngā wāhanga. Me rongoa ngā wāhanga kua tohua kia tiakina te mata i mua i te tukunga: me rehu ki te rongoā tiaki silane (te hohonu o te urunga ≥2 mm) me te hipoki ki te kiriata tiaki PE hei ārai i te hinu, te puehu, me te wai ua e memeha ana i te wā e kawe ana. Te Tiaki i ngā Pūwāhi Mana Matua
Parenga Kokonga: Me whakamau ngā wāhi koki-matau katoa ki ngā parenga kokonga rapa 5mm te matotoru, ā, me mau hoki ki ngā here taura nairona.
Te Kaha o te Anga: Me whakaoti e ngā anga rakau te whakamātautau pēhanga pumau o te 1.2 ngā wā o te kawenga kua whakatauria kia tino rerekē ai te āhua.
Tapanga Pāmahana me te Makuku: Me whakapiri he kāri tohu pāmahana me te makuku (mai i te -20°C ki te 60°C, 0% ki te 100% RH) ki waho o te takai hei aroturuki i ngā huringa taiao i te wā tonu.
Te Whakawhiti Tūponotanga me te Tikanga Aroturuki Tukanga-Katoa
Hei whakatika i ngā tūponotanga ohorere, me whai pūnaha ārai me te whakahaere tūponotanga takirua e whakakotahi ana i te "inihua me te aroturuki". Me whiriwhiri he inihua utanga whānui me te nui o te kapinga kāore e iti iho i te 110% o te uara tuturu o te utanga. Kei roto i te kapinga matua: ngā kino tinana i puta mai i te tukinga, i te hurihanga rānei o te waka kawe; ngā kino wai i puta mai i te ua nui, i te waipuke rānei; ngā aituā pēnei i te ahi me te pahūtanga i te wā e kawe ana; me ngā hinganga tūpono i te wā e uta ana me te tango. Mō ngā wāhanga tika nui (neke atu i te 500,000 yuan te uara mō ia huinga), ka tūtohu mātou kia tāpirihia ngā ratonga aroturuki kawe SGS. Ka whakamahia e tēnei ratonga te tūnga GPS wā-tūturu (tika ≤ 10 m) me ngā pūoko pāmahana me te haumākū (15 meneti te wā tauira raraunga) hei hanga i tētahi pukapuka hiko. Ka whakaoho aunoa ngā āhuatanga rerekē i ngā whakatūpato, ka taea ai te whai tirohanga puta noa i te tukanga kawe katoa.
Me whakatū he pūnaha tirotiro me te kawenga taumata i te taumata whakahaere: I mua i te kawe, ka manatoko te tari tirotiro kounga i te pono o te takai, ā, ka hainatia he "Pukapuka Tukunga Kawe." I te wā e kawe ana, ka tirotirohia e ngā kaimahi tiaki i ia rua hāora, ka tuhia te tirotiro. I te taenga mai, me wetewete tonu te kaiwhiwhi me te tirotiro i ngā taonga. Me whakakore tetahi kino pēnei i te pakaru, i ngā kokonga pakaru rānei, kia kore ai e whakamahia te whakaaro "whakamahi tuatahi, whakatikahia i muri mai". Mā te pūnaha ārai me te whakahaere toru-ahu e whakakotahi ana i te "tiakitanga hangarau + whakawhiti inihua + kawenga whakahaere," ka taea te pupuri i te reiti kino o te utanga kawe i raro i te 0.3%, he iti iho i te toharite ahumahi o te 1.2%. He mea nui kia whakanuia ko te kaupapa matua o te "ārai tino i ngā tukinga" me piri puta noa i te tukanga kawe me te uta me te tango. Me whakarārangihia ngā poraka taratara me ngā wāhanga kua oti i runga i te tikanga tika kia rite ki te kāwai me ngā whakaritenga, me te teitei o te puranga kaua e neke atu i te toru paparanga. Me whakamahi he ārai rakau i waenga i ngā paparanga hei ārai i te poke mai i te waku. Ka tautokohia e tēnei whakaritenga ngā whakaritenga matua mō te "kawe me te rokiroki" i roto i te GB/T 18601-2024, ā, ka noho tahi ēnei hei tūāpapa mō te whakapūmau kounga i roto i te whakahaerenga o ngā wāhanga karāhe.
6. Whakarāpopototanga o te Hiranga o te Tukanga Whakaae
He taahiraa nui te tuku me te whakaae i ngā wāhanga karāhe hei whakarite i te kounga o te kaupapa. Hei te rārangi tuatahi o te parepare i roto i te whakahaere kounga o ngā kaupapa hanga, ko tana whakamātautau maha-ahu me te whakahaere tukanga katoa ka pā tika ki te haumaru o te kaupapa, te whai huatanga ohaoha, me te urunga ki te mākete. Nō reira, me whakatū he pūnaha whakaū kounga pūnaha mai i ngā taha e toru o te hangarau, te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga, me te ōhanga.
Taumata Hangarau: Te Whakapūmautanga Takirua o te Tika me te Āhua
Ko te kaupapa matua o te taumata hangarau ko te whakarite kia tutuki ngā whakaritenga tika o te hoahoa mā te whakahaere i te ōritetanga o te āhua me te whakamātautau i te tohu mahi. Me whakatinana te whakahaere āhua puta noa i te tukanga katoa, mai i te rauemi mata ki te hua kua oti. Hei tauira, ka whakatinanahia he tikanga whakahaere rerekētanga tae o "ngā kōwhiringa e rua mō te rauemi mata, tētahi kōwhiringa mō te rauemi pereti, me ngā kōwhiringa e whā mō te tahora pereti me te tau", me te awheawhe tahora kore rama hei whakatutuki i te whakawhiti taiao i waenga i te tae me te tauira, kia kore ai e whakaroa te hanga i puta mai i te rerekētanga tae. (Hei tauira, i whakaroahia tētahi kaupapa mō te tata ki te rua wiki nā te kore e tika te whakahaere rerekētanga tae.) Ko te whakamātautau mahi e arotahi ana ki ngā tohu ā-tinana me te tika o te miihini. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia ngā mīhini huri me te whakakanapa aunoa a BRETON hei whakahaere i te rerekētanga papatahi ki te <0.2mm, ko ngā mīhini tapahi piriti hiko infrared ka whakarite i te rerekētanga roa me te whānui ki te <0.5mm. Me whai mana papatahi tino pakari te hangarau tika o te ≤0.02mm/m, me te manatoko taipitopito mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu motuhake pēnei i ngā mita kanapa me ngā calipers vernier.
Te Whakatutukitanga: Ngā Paepae Uru Mākete mō te Tiwhikete Paerewa
He mea nui te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga mō te whakaurunga hua ki ngā mākete o te kāinga me te ao, me te hiahia kia tutuki i te wā kotahi ngā paerewa ā-rohe me ngā pūnaha tiwhikete o te ao. I roto i te whenua, he mea nui te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga a te GB/T 18601-2024 mō te kaha pēhi me te kaha piko. Hei tauira, mō ngā whare teitei, mō ngā rohe makariri rānei, me whakamātautau anō mō te ātete huka me te kaha here sima. I roto i te mākete o te ao, ko te tiwhikete CE he whakaritenga matua mō te kaweake ki te EU, ā, me whai kia paahitia te whakamātautau EN 1469. Mā te pūnaha kounga o te ao ISO 9001, mā roto i tana "pūnaha tirotiro-toru" (tirotiro-ā-whaiaro, tirotiro tahi, me te tirotiro motuhake) me te whakahaere tukanga, ka whakarite i te kawenga kounga katoa mai i te hoko rauemi mata ki te tuku hua kua oti. Hei tauira, kua tutuki i a Jiaxiang Xulei Stone te reiti tohu hua 99.8% me te reiti makona o te kiritaki 98.6% mā roto i tēnei pūnaha.
Te Āhuatanga Ōhanga: Te Whakataurite i te Whakahaere Utu me ngā Painga mō te Wā Roa
Ko te uara ōhanga o te tukanga whakaae kei roto i ōna painga rua o te whakaiti i te mōrearea mō te wā poto me te arotau i ngā utu mō te wā roa. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga ko ngā utu mahi anō nā te kore whakaae pai ka taea te utu mō te 15% o te utu katoa o te kaupapa, ko ngā utu whakatikatika i muri mai nā ngā take pēnei i ngā kapiti kāore e kitea me ngā panonitanga tae ka taea te teitei ake. I tetahi atu taha, ka taea e te whakaae pakari te whakaiti i ngā utu tiaki i muri mai mā te 30% me te karo i ngā whakaroa kaupapa i puta mai i ngā hapa rauemi. (Hei tauira, i roto i tētahi kaupapa, ko ngā kapiti i puta mai i te kore whakaae mangere i hua ake ai ngā utu whakatikatika i te tahua taketake mā te 2 miriona yuan.) I tutuki i tētahi kamupene rauemi kōhatu te reiti whakaae kaupapa 100% mā te "tukanga tirotiro kounga taumata-ono," i hua ake ai he reiti hoko anō a te kiritaki 92.3%, e whakaatu ana i te pānga tika o te whakahaere kounga ki te whakataetae mākete.
Mātāpono Matua: Me whakatinana e te tukanga whakaae te rapunga whakaaro "whakapai tonu" ISO 9001. E taunakihia ana kia whakamahia he tikanga "whakaae-urupare-whakapai" ā-roopu kati. Me arotake ngā raraunga matua pēnei i te whakahaere rerekētanga tae me te rerekētanga papatahi i ia hauwhā hei whakapai ake i ngā paerewa kōwhiringa me ngā taputapu tirotiro. Me whakahaere he tātari take pūtake mō ngā take mahi anō, ā, me whakahou te "Whakatakotoranga Mana Hua Kāore e Rite". Hei tauira, mā te arotake raraunga ā-hauwhā, i whakaitihia e tētahi kamupene te reiti whakaae o te tukanga huri me te whakakanapa mai i te 3.2% ki te 0.8%, ka penapenahia neke atu i te 5 miriona yuan i roto i ngā utu tiaki ā-tau.
Mā te hononga-toru-ahu o te hangarau, te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga, me te ōhanga, ehara i te mea he tirotiro whakahaere kounga anake te whakaae tuku o ngā wāhanga karāhe engari he taahiraa rautaki hoki ki te whakatairanga i te paerewa ahumahi me te whakarei ake i te whakataetae a ngā kamupene. Mā te whakauru i te tukanga whakaae ki roto i te pūnaha whakahaere kounga o te mekameka ahumahi katoa ka taea te whakatutuki i te whakauru i te kounga kaupapa, te urunga ki te mākete, me ngā painga ōhanga.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-15-2025