E iwa ngā tukanga whakapūtanga tika o ngā uku zirconia

E iwa ngā tukanga whakapūtanga tika o ngā uku zirconia
He hononga tō te tukanga whakahāngai i roto i te tukanga whakarite katoa o ngā rauemi uku, ā, koinei te mea nui hei whakarite i te pono o te mahi me te auau o te whakaputanga o ngā rauemi me ngā wāhanga uku.
I te whanaketanga o te hapori, kāore e taea e te tikanga pokepoke-ā-ringa tuku iho, te tikanga hanga wira, te tikanga whakatō, me ētahi atu o ngā uku tuku iho te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te hapori hou mō te whakaputa me te whakapai ake, nō reira i whānau mai ai he tukanga hanga hou. E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā rauemi uku pai ZrO2 i roto i ēnei momo tukanga hanga e 9 (2 ngā momo tikanga maroke me ngā momo tikanga mākū e 7):

1. Te whakakoi maroke

1.1 Te pēhi maroke

Ka whakamahia te pēhi maroke hei pēhi i te paura uku ki tētahi āhua o te tinana. Ko tōna uho, i raro i te mahi a te kaha o waho, ka whakatata ngā matūriki paura tetahi ki tetahi i roto i te pokepokea ai, ā, ka honoa pūmautia e te waku ā-roto kia mau tonu ai tētahi āhua. Ko te hapa matua o ngā tinana matomato maroke-pēhi ko te pakaru, nā te waku ā-roto i waenganui i ngā paura me te waku i waenganui i ngā paura me te pakitara pokepokea ai, ka puta te ngaronga o te pēhi i roto i te tinana.

Ko ngā painga o te pēhi maroke ko te tika o te rahi o te tinana matomato, he māmā te mahi, ā, he watea te mahi mīhini; he iti ake te nui o te makuku me te here i roto i te pēhi maroke matomato, ā, he iti te whakahekenga o te whakamaroke me te tahu. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia hei hanga hua he āhua māmā, ā, he iti te ōwehenga āhua. Ko te pikinga o te utu whakaputa i puta mai i te kakahu pokepokea ai te ngoikoretanga o te pēhi maroke.

1.2 Te pēhitanga isostatic

He tikanga hanga motuhake te pēhi isostatic i whakawhanakehia i runga i te pēhi maroke tuku iho. Ka whakamahia te pēhanga tuku wai hei pēhi ōrite ki te paura i roto i te pokepokea ai mai i ngā taha katoa. Nā te ōrite o te pēhanga o roto o te wai, ka rite te pēhanga o te paura ki ngā taha katoa, nō reira ka taea te karo i te rerekētanga o te matotoru o te tinana matomato.

Ka wehea te pēhi isostatic ki te pēhi isostatic putea mākū me te pēhi isostatic putea maroke. Ka taea e te pēhi isostatic putea mākū te hanga hua me ngā āhua uaua, engari ka taea anake te mahi i te wā poto. Ka taea e te pēhi isostatic putea maroke te whakahaere aunoa i te mahi tonu, engari ka taea anake te hanga hua me ngā āhua māmā pēnei i te tapawhā, te porowhita, me te ngongo. Ka taea e te pēhi isostatic te whiwhi tinana matomato ōrite me te matotoru, me te iti o te whakahekenga ahi me te whakahekenga ōrite ki ngā taha katoa, engari he uaua me te utu nui ngā taputapu, ā, kāore i te teitei te pai o te whakaputa, ā, he pai anake mō te hanga rauemi me ngā whakaritenga motuhake.

2. Te hanga mākū

2.1 Te whakapūtanga wai
He rite te tukanga whakapūtanga ira ki te whakarewa rīpene, ko te rerekētanga ko te tukanga whakapūtanga kei roto ko te tukanga whakamaroke ā-tinana me te tukanga whakapūtanga matū. Ka tangohia e te whakamaroke ā-tinana te wai i roto i te paru mā te mahi kapia o te pokepokea gypsum porous. Ko te Ca2+ i hangaia e te whakarewanga o te mata CaSO4 ka whakanui ake i te kaha katote o te paru, ka hua ake te pupuhi o te paru.
I raro i te mahi a te maroke ā-tinana me te whakapūmau matū, ka whakatakotoria ngā matūriki paura uku ki runga i te pakitara pokepokea gypsum. He pai te whakakī mō te whakarite i ngā wāhanga uku nui me ngā āhua uaua, engari he ngoikore te kounga o te tinana matomato, tae atu ki te āhua, te mātotoru, te kaha, me ētahi atu, he teitei te kaha mahi a ngā kaimahi, ā, kāore e pai mō ngā mahi aunoa.

2.2 Te whakarewatanga mate wera
Ko te whakarewatanga wera he whakaranu i te paura uku me te here (paraffin) i te pāmahana teitei (60~100℃) hei hanga i te paru mō te whakarewatanga wera. Ka werohia te paru ki roto i te pokepoke whakarewa i raro i te mahi a te hau kōpeke, ā, ka mau tonu te pēhanga. Mā te whakamatao, ka tangohia te paru hei hanga i te ware pi, ka horoia te ware pi i raro i te tiaki o te paura kore mahi hei hanga i te tinana matomato, ā, ka whakakorikoria te tinana matomato ki te pāmahana teitei hei hanga i te porcelain.

Ko te tinana matomato i hangaia e te maka wera he tino tika ngā ine, he ōrite te hanganga o roto, he iti ake te kakahu o te pokepokea ai, ā, he pai te whakaputa, ā, he pai mō ngā momo rauemi mata. Me tino whakahaere te pāmahana o te paru ware pi me te pokepokea ai, ki te kore ka puta he werohanga, he whakarerekētanga rānei, nō reira kāore e pai mō te hanga i ngā wāhanga nui, ā, he uaua te tukanga tahu e rua-taahiraa, ā, he nui te whakapaunga pūngao.

2.3 Te whakarewa rīpene
Ko te whakarewa rīpene he whakaranu katoa i te paura uku me te nui o ngā here waro, ngā mea hanga kirihou, ngā mea whakamarara, me ētahi atu, kia puta ai he paru matotoru e rere ana. Tāpirihia te paru ki te pūwero o te mīhini whakarewa, kātahi ka whakamahia he waru hei whakahaere i te matotoru. Ka rere ki te whitiki kawe mā te pūwero whāngai, ā, ka puta te kiriata parakore i muri i te maroke.

He pai tēnei tukanga mō te whakarite rauemi kiriata. Hei whakapai ake i te ngāwari, ka tāpirihia he nui o ngā mea rauropi, ā, me tino whakahaere ngā tawhā tukanga, ki te kore ka ngāwari te puta o ngā hapa pēnei i te kiriuhi, ngā rārangi, te kaha iti o te kiriata, te kiriuhi uaua rānei. He paitini te mea rauropi e whakamahia ana, ā, ka pāngia te taiao, ā, me whakamahi i tētahi pūnaha kore-paitini, iti iho rānei te paitini hei whakaiti i te parahanga taiao.

2.4 Te whakahāngai werohanga kiri
Ko te hangarau werohanga werohanga he tukanga hanga tauira tere hou i hangaia e ngā kairangahau i te Oak Ridge National Laboratory i ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 1990. Ko te kaupapa matua ko te whakamahinga o ngā otinga monomer waro e whakakotahi ana hei ngā kirikiri polymer-solvent kaha-teitei, e honoa ana ki te taha.

Ka whakarewaina he paraoa uku kua rewa i roto i te otinga o ngā monomer waro ki roto i te pokepoke, ā, ka whakapūpū te ranunga monomer hei hanga i tētahi wāhanga kua whakapūpūhia. Nā te mea he 10%–20% (wāhanga papatipu) noa iho te polymer kei roto i te polymer-solvent e hono taha ana, he ngāwari te tango i te whakarewa mai i te wāhanga gel mā te taahiraa whakamaroke. I taua wā anō, nā te hononga taha o ngā polymer, kāore e taea e ngā polymer te neke tahi me te whakarewa i te wā e whakamaroke ana.

Ka taea te whakamahi i tēnei tikanga ki te hanga i ngā wāhanga uku kotahi-wāhanga me ngā wāhanga hiato, ka taea te hanga i ngā wāhanga uku āhua matatini, he rite te rahi ki te kupenga, ā, ko tōna kaha matomato he teitei ki te 20-30Mpa, neke atu rānei, ka taea te tukatuka anō. Ko te raruraru matua o tēnei tikanga ko te tere whakaheke o te tinana kukune he teitei i te wā o te tukanga whakakīkī, ka ārahi ngāwari ki te whakarerekētanga o te tinana kukune; ko ētahi monomer waro he aukati hāora, ka meinga te mata kia tihorea, kia taka; nā te tukanga whakapūhui monomer waro i puta mai i te pāmahana, ka meinga te heu pāmahana ka arahi ki te noho o te ahotea o roto, ka meinga te pakaru o ngā papa me ētahi atu.

2.5 Te whakarewa werohanga totoka tika
Ko te werohanga werohanga totoka tika he hangarau werohanga i whakawhanakehia e ETH Zurich: ka whakaranua katoatia te wai whakarewa, te paura uku me ngā tāpiringa waro hei hanga i te parapara pumau hiko, iti te matotoru, he nui te ihirangi totoka, ka taea te whakarerekē mā te tāpiri i te pH Parapara, i ngā matū rānei e whakanui ana i te kukū electrolyte, kātahi ka werohangahia te parapara ki roto i te parapara kore-porous.

Whakahaerehia te ahunga whakamua o ngā tauhohenga matū i roto i te tukanga. Ka āta whakahaerehia te tauhohenga i mua i te werohanga whakarewa, ka iti te matotoru o te paru, ā, ka tere ake te tauhohenga i muri i te werohanga whakarewa, ka totoka te paru, ā, ka hurihia te paru wai hei tinana totoka. He pai ngā āhuatanga miihini o te tinana matomato kua whiwhihia, ā, ka taea e te kaha te eke ki te 5kPa. Ka wetekina te tinana matomato, ka whakamarokehia, ka whakakāhia kia hanga he wāhanga uku o te āhua e hiahiatia ana.

Ko ōna painga, kāore e hiahiatia he tāpiringa rauropi iti noa iho (iti iho i te 1%), kāore e hiahiatia te tango hinu i te tinana matomato, he ōrite te matotoru o te tinana matomato, he teitei te matotoru whanaunga (55%~70%), ā, ka taea te hanga i ngā wāhanga uku nui, matatini hoki. Ko tōna ngoikoretanga, he utu nui ngā tāpiringa, ā, ka tukuna te hau i te wā o te tauhohenga.

2.6 Te whakahāngai werohanga
Kua roa te whakamahinga o te werohanga i roto i te werohanga o ngā hua kirihou me te werohanga o ngā pokepoke whakarewa. Mā tēnei tukanga ka whakamahia te whakamaroke pāmahana iti o ngā mea waro kirihou wera, te whakamaroke pāmahana teitei rānei o ngā mea waro whakatakoto wera. Ka konatunatua te paura me te kaikawe waro ki roto i tētahi taputapu whakaranu motuhake, kātahi ka werohia ki roto i te pokepoke i raro i te pēhanga teitei (tekau ki te rau MPa). Nā te nui o te pēhanga, he tika ngā rahi o ngā mea kua puta, he maeneene teitei, he kiato hoki te hanganga; mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu werohanga motuhake ka tino pai ake te whai huatanga o te whakaputa.

I te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1970 me te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1980, i whakamahia te tukanga werohanga ki te werohanga o ngā wāhanga uku. Mā tēnei tukanga ka tutuki te werohanga kirihou o ngā rauemi koretake mā te tāpiri i te nui o ngā mea rauropi, he tukanga werohanga kirihou uku noa. I roto i te hangarau werohanga, hei tāpiri atu ki te whakamahi i ngā mea rauropi thermoplastic (pērā i te polyethylene, polystyrene), ngā mea rauropi thermosetting (pērā i te kapia epoxy, te kapia phenolic), ngā polymer wairewa-wai rānei hei here matua, me tāpiri ētahi Rahinga o ngā āwhina tukanga pērā i ngā plasticizer, ngā hinu whakahinuhinu me ngā kaihoko hononga hei whakapai ake i te rere o te whakatārewatanga werohanga uku me te whakarite i te kounga o te tinana werohanga.

He pai ngā painga o te tukanga whakakoi werohanga, arā, he tino aunoa, he tika hoki te rahi o te mea whakakoi. Heoi, ko te nui o te matū waro i roto i te tinana matomato o ngā wāhanga uku i whakakoi werohangahia he 50 vol. He roa te wā, tae atu ki ētahi rā ki ngā tekau rā, hei whakakore i ēnei matū waro i roto i te tukanga whakakoi i muri mai, ā, he ngāwari te whakaputa i ngā hapa kounga.

2.7 Te whakahāngai werohanga colloidal
Hei whakaoti rapanga o te nui o ngā mea rauropi i tāpirihia me te uauatanga o te whakakore i ngā uauatanga o te tukanga whakarewa werohanga tuku iho, i whakaarohia e Te Whare Wānanga o Tsinghua he tukanga hou mō te whakarewa werohanga korōra o ngā uku, ā, i whakawhanakehia motuhaketia he tauira whakarewa werohanga korōra hei whakatutuki i te werohanga o te paru uku koretake.

Ko te whakaaro matua ko te whakakotahi i te whakahāngai korōtia me te whakahāngai werohanga, mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu werohanga motuhake me te hangarau whakamaroke hou e whakaratohia ana e te tukanga whakahāngai totoka korōtia. E whakamahia ana e tēnei tukanga hou he iti iho i te 4wt.% o ngā mea waro. Ka whakamahia he iti noa o ngā monomer waro, o ngā matū waro rānei i roto i te whakatārewatanga wai hei whakaoho tere i te whakapūhui o ngā monomer waro i muri i te werohanga ki roto i te pokepoke hei hanga i tētahi anga whatunga waro, e takai ōrite ana i te paura uku. I roto i ēnei, ehara i te mea ka poto noa te wā tango kapia, engari ka tino whakaitihia hoki te tūponotanga o te pakaru o te tango kapia.

He rerekētanga nui i waenga i te werohanga uku me te werohanga korori. Ko te rerekētanga matua ko te mea tuatahi kei roto i te kāwai o te werohanga kirihou, ko te mea tuarua kei roto i te werohanga paru, arā, kāore he kirihou o te paru, ā, he rauemi koretake. Nā te mea kāore he kirihou o te paru i roto i te werohanga korori, kāore e taea te whakamahi i te whakaaro tuku iho o te werohanga uku. Mena ka honoa te werohanga korori ki te werohanga werohanga, ka tutuki te werohanga korori o ngā rauemi uku mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu werohanga motuhake me te hangarau whakamaroke hou e whakaratohia ana e te tukanga werohanga korori in-situ.

He rerekē te tukanga hou o te werohanga korōra o ngā uku i te werohanga korōra whānui me te werohanga tuku iho. Ko te painga o te taumata tiketike o te aunoatanga o te werohanga ko te whakakorikori kounga o te tukanga werohanga korōra, ka waiho hei tumanako mō te ahumahi o ngā uku hangarau-tiketike.