He aha ngā painga o te pokapū miihini moenga mapere whakarewa kohuke?
Kua neke atu i te 30 tau te roa o te whakaaetia whānuitia o ngā whakarewa kohuke (te karāneti i hangaia e te tangata, arā, te raima kapia) i roto i te umanga taputapu mīhini hei rauemi hanganga.
E ai ki ngā tatauranga, i Ūropi, kotahi i roto i te tekau o ngā mīhini taputapu e whakamahi ana i ngā whakarewa kohuke hei moenga. Heoi, mā te whakamahi i ngā wheako kāore i te tika, ngā mōhiohio kāore i oti, ngā mōhiohio hē rānei ka arahi pea ki te whakapae me te whakahāwea mō ngā whakarewa kohuke. Nō reira, i te wā e hanga ana i ngā taputapu hou, me tātari ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā whakarewa kohuke, me te whakataurite ki ētahi atu rauemi.
Ko te turanga o ngā mīhini hanga whare ka wehea whānuitia ki te rino maka, te whakarewa kohuke (te raima polymer me/ranei te raima tauhohe), te maitai/hanganga whakarewa (te whakakī i te wai/kore-whakakī wai) me te kōhatu maori (pēnei i te karāneti). He āhuatanga motuhake tō ia rauemi, ā, kāore he rauemi hanganga tino tika. Mā te tirotiro i ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o te rauemi e ai ki ngā whakaritenga hanganga motuhake, ka taea te whiriwhiri i te rauemi hanganga tino pai.
Ko ngā mahi nui e rua o ngā rauemi hanganga—te whakapūmau i te āhuahanga, te tūranga me te mimiti pūngao o ngā wāhanga, e whakaatu ana i ngā whakaritenga mahi (te mahi pūmau, te mahi hihiri me te mahi wera), ngā whakaritenga mahi/hanganga (te tika, te taumaha, te matotoru o te pakitara, te ngāwari o ngā ara ārahi) mō te tāutanga rauemi, te pūnaha tohanga pāpāho, te whakahaere) me ngā whakaritenga utu (te utu, te rahinga, te wātea, ngā āhuatanga o te pūnaha).
I. Ngā whakaritenga mahi mō ngā rauemi hanganga
1. Ngā āhuatanga pumau
Ko te paearu mō te ine i ngā āhuatanga pumau o te turanga ko te pakari o te rauemi—te iti rawa o te whakarerekētanga i raro i te kawenga, kaua ki te kaha teitei. Mō te whakarerekētanga rapa pumau, ka taea te whakaaro ko ngā whakarewanga kohuke he rauemi ōrite isotropic e whai ana i te ture a Hooke.
Ko te mātotoru me te āhua ngāwari o ngā whakarewanga kohuke he 1/3 o ērā o te rino maka. Nā te mea he rite te pakari o ngā whakarewanga kohuke me ngā rino maka, i raro i te taumaha kotahi, he rite tonu te pakari o ngā whakarewanga rino me ngā whakarewanga kohuke me te kore e whakaarohia te awe o te āhua. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te matotoru o te pakitara hoahoa o ngā whakarewanga kohuke he 3 ngā wā o te matotoru o te pakitara hoahoa o ngā whakarewanga rino, ā, kāore tēnei hoahoa e puta he raruraru e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga miihini o te hua, o te whakarewanga rānei. He pai ngā whakarewanga kohuke mō te mahi i roto i ngā taiao pūmau e mau ana i te pēhanga (hei tauira, ngā moenga, ngā tautoko, ngā pou) ā, kāore e pai hei anga angiangi me/ranei ngā anga iti (hei tauira, ngā tēpu, ngā papa, ngā taputapu whakawhiti, ngā waka, ngā tautoko porowhita). Ko te taumaha o ngā wāhanga hanganga he mea herea e ngā taputapu a ngā kaihanga whakarewa kohuke, ā, he onge noa iho ngā hua whakarewa kohuke neke atu i te 15 tana.
2. Ngā āhuatanga hihiri
Ko te nui ake o te tere hurihuri me/ranei te whakaterenga o te rakau, ko te nui ake o te hiranga o te mahi hihiri o te mīhini. Ko te whakanoho tere, te whakakapinga tere o ngā taputapu, me te whāngai tere-teitei ka whakapakari tonu i te haruru miihini me te whakaoho hihiri o ngā wāhanga hanganga mīhini. Haunga te hoahoa ā-ahu o te wāhanga, ko te piko, te tohatoha papatipu, me te pakari hihiri o te wāhanga ka tino pāngia e ngā āhuatanga whakamātao o te rauemi.
He otinga pai te whakamahinga o ngā whakarewa kohuke mō ēnei raruraru. Nā te mea he 10 ngā wā pai ake o te mimiti i ngā wiri i te rino whakarewa tuku iho, ka taea e ia te whakaiti i te kaha me te auau tūturu.
I roto i ngā mahi mīhini pēnei i te mīhini, ka taea te whakapiki ake i te tika, te kounga o te mata, me te roa ake o te ora o ngā taputapu. I taua wā anō, mō te pānga haruru, i pai hoki te mahi a ngā whakarewanga kohuke mā te whakataurite me te manatoko i ngā turanga, ngā whakarewanga tuku me ngā taputapu o ngā rauemi rerekē mō ngā miihini nui me ngā miihini whakapūmau. E ai ki te tātaritanga oro pānga, ka taea e te whakarewanga kohuke te whakatutuki i te whakahekenga ā-rohe o te 20% i te taumata pēhanga oro.
3. Ngā āhuatanga wera
E ai ki ngā whakatau tata a ngā tohunga, tata ki te 80% o ngā rerekētanga o ngā taputapu mīhini nā ngā pānga wera. Ko ngā aukati tukanga pērā i ngā pūtake wera o roto, o waho rānei, te whakamahana i mua, te whakawhiti i ngā wahi mahi, me ētahi atu, he take katoa ēnei o te whakarerekētanga wera. Kia taea ai te whiriwhiri i te rauemi pai rawa atu, me whakamārama ngā whakaritenga rauemi. Mā te wera motuhake teitei me te kawe wera iti ka taea e ngā whakarewa kohuke te whai i te ātete wera pai ki ngā awe pāmahana rangitahi (pērā i te whakawhiti i ngā wahi mahi) me ngā huringa pāmahana taiao. Mena e hiahiatia ana te whakamahana tere pērā i te moenga whakarewa, i te ārai rānei i te pāmahana o te moenga, ka taea te maka tika i ngā taputapu whakamahana, whakamatao rānei ki roto i te whakarewa kohuke hei whakahaere i te pāmahana. Mā te whakamahi i tēnei momo taputapu utu pāmahana ka taea te whakaiti i te whakarerekētanga i puta mai i te awe o te pāmahana, ka āwhina i te whakapai ake i te tika i te utu tika.
II. Ngā whakaritenga mahi me ngā whakaritenga hanganga
Ko te pono he āhuatanga motuhake e wehewehe ana i ngā whakarewanga kohuke mai i ētahi atu rauemi. Ko te pāmahana whakarewanga mōrahi mō ngā whakarewanga kohuke he 45°C, ā, me ngā pokepokea me ngā taputapu tino tika, ka taea te whakarewa ngātahi i ngā wāhanga me ngā whakarewanga kohuke.
Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakarewa anō matatau ki ngā papa whakarewa kohuke, ka hua ake he mata whakairi me te rēri tika kāore e hiahiatia he mīhini. Pērā i ētahi atu rauemi turanga, ka whai mana ngā whakarewa kohuke ki ngā ture hoahoa hanganga motuhake. He rerekē te matotoru o te pakitara, ngā taputapu amo kawenga, ngā whakaurunga rara, ngā tikanga uta me te tango i ngā mea katoa mai i ētahi atu rauemi ki tētahi taumata, ā, me whai whakaaro i mua i te wā hoahoa.
III. Ngā whakaritenga utu
Ahakoa he mea nui kia whakaarohia mai i te tirohanga hangarau, kei te piki haere te hiranga o te whai huatanga o te utu. Mā te whakamahi i ngā whakarewa kohuke ka taea e ngā kaihangarau te penapena i ngā utu whakaputa me ngā utu whakahaere nui. Haunga te penapena i ngā utu miihini, ka whakaitihia te whakarewa, te huihuinga whakamutunga, me te pikinga o ngā utu kawe (te whare putunga me te kawe waka). I runga i te mahi taumata-tiketike o ngā whakarewa kohuke, me titiro ki tēnei hei kaupapa katoa. Inaa, he tika ake te whakataurite i te utu ina tāutahia te turanga, kua tāutahia rānei i mua. Ko te utu tīmatanga teitei ko te utu o ngā pokepokea me ngā taputapu whakarewa kohuke, engari ka taea te whakaiti i tēnei utu i roto i te whakamahinga roa (500-1000 wahi/pokepokea maitai), ā, ko te paunga ā-tau he tata ki te 10-15 wahi.
IV. Te whānuitanga o te whakamahinga
Hei rauemi hanganga, kei te whakakapi tonu ngā whakarewanga kohuke i ngā rauemi hanganga tuku iho, ā, ko te kī ki tōna whanaketanga tere kei roto i te whakarewanga kohuke, ngā pokepokea, me ngā hanganga here pumau. I tēnei wā, kua whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā whakarewanga kohuke i roto i ngā mara maha o ngā taputapu mīhini pēnei i ngā mīhini huri me te miihini tere-teitei. Ko ngā kaihanga mīhini huri he paionia i roto i te rāngai taputapu mīhini e whakamahi ana i ngā whakarewanga kohuke mō ngā moenga mīhini. Hei tauira, ko ngā kamupene rongonui o te ao pēnei i a ABA z&b, Bahmler, Jung, Mikrosa, Schaudt, Stude, me ētahi atu kua whai hua tonu mai i te whakaiti, te ātete wera me te pono o ngā whakarewanga kohuke hei whiwhi i te tino tika me te kounga mata pai rawa atu i roto i te tukanga huri.
I te piki haere tonu o ngā kawenga hihiri, kei te piki haere te pai o ngā whakarewanga kohuke ki ngā kamupene matua o te ao i roto i te mara o ngā huri taputapu. He tino pakari te moenga whakarewanga kohuke, ā, ka taea te whakakore i te kaha i puta mai i te whakaterenga o te motuka raina. I taua wā anō, ko te whakakotahitanga waro o te mahi mimiti wiri pai me te motuka raina ka taea te whakapai ake i te kounga o te mata o te mea mahi me te roa o te ora o te wira huri.
Wā tuku: Hanuere-18-2022