He aha te mīhini ine taunga?

Hemīhini ine taungaKo te (CMM) he taputapu e ine ana i te āhua o ngā mea ā-tinana mā te rongo i ngā pūwāhi motuhake i runga i te mata o te mea me te whakamahi i tētahi tirotiro. He maha ngā momo tirotiro e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā CMM, tae atu ki te mārama ā-mīhini, te mārama whatu, te mārama taiaho, me te mārama mā. I runga i te mīhini, ka taea te whakahaere ā-ringa i te tūranga tirotiro e te kaiwhakahaere, ka taea rānei te whakahaere rorohiko. Ko te tikanga, ka tohua e ngā CMM te tūranga o te tirotiro i runga i tōna nekehanga mai i tētahi tūranga tohutoro i roto i tētahi pūnaha taunga Cartesian toru-ahu (arā, me ngā tuaka XYZ). Haunga te neke i te tirotiro i te taha o ngā tuaka X, Y, me te Z, he maha ngā mīhini e āhei ana ki te whakahaere i te koki tirotiro kia taea ai te ine i ngā mata e kore e taea te tae atu.

Mā te CMM "piriti" 3D noa ka taea te neke i te tirotiro i ngā tuaka e toru, X, Y me Z, e tūhonohono ana tetahi ki tetahi i roto i te pūnaha taunga Cartesian toru-ahu. He pūoko kei ia tuaka e aroturuki ana i te tūranga o te tirotiro i runga i taua tuaka, me te tika o te maikiromita. Ina pā te tirotiro (ka kitea rānei) tetahi wāhi motuhake i runga i te mea, ka tauirahia e te mīhini ngā pūoko tūranga e toru, ā, ka ine i te tūranga o tētahi pūwāhi i runga i te mata o te mea, me te ine i te ira 3-ahu o te inenga i tangohia. Ka whakahokia tēnei tukanga ina hiahiatia, ka nekehia te tirotiro i ia wā, kia puta ai he "kapua pūwāhi" e whakaahua ana i ngā horahanga mata e hiahiatia ana.

Ko te whakamahinga noa o ngā CMM ko ngā tukanga hanga me te huihuinga hei whakamātautau i tētahi wāhanga, i tētahi huihuinga rānei ki te kaupapa hoahoa. I roto i ēnei tono, ka hangaia he kapua ira ka tātarihia mā roto i ngā rauropi whakatauira mō te hanganga o ngā āhuatanga. Ka kohia ēnei ira mā te whakamahi i tētahi tirotiro ka whakanohoia ā-ringa e te kaiwhakahaere, mā te Whakahaere Rorohiko Tika (DCC) rānei. Ka taea te whakarite i ngā CMM DCC ki te ine i ngā wāhanga ōrite; nō reira, he momo karetao ahumahi motuhake te CMM aunoa.

Ngā Wāhanga

E toru ngā wāhanga matua o ngā mīhini ine taunga:

• Ko te hanganga matua e toru ngā tuaka nekehanga. He rerekē ngā rauemi i whakamahia hei hanga i te anga neke i roto i ngā tau. I whakamahia te karāneti me te maitai i ngā CMM tōmua. I ēnei rā, ko ngā kaihanga CMM nui katoa e hanga ana i ngā anga mai i te koranu konumohe, i ētahi mea rānei i ahu mai i te konumohe, ā, e whakamahi ana hoki i te uku hei whakanui ake i te pakari o te tuaka Z mō ngā tono matawai. He iti noa ngā kaihanga CMM i ēnei rā e hanga tonu ana i te anga karāneti CMM nā te hiahia o te mākete mō ngā mahi ine ine kua whakapaitia, me te piki haere o te ia o te tāuta i te CMM i waho o te taiwhanga kounga. Ko ngā kaihanga CMM iti te rahinga me ngā kaihanga ā-rohe i Haina me Īnia anake e hanga tonu ana i te CMM karāneti nā te iti o te huarahi hangarau me te ngāwari o te whakaurunga hei kaihanga anga CMM. Ko te piki haere o te ia o te matawai e hiahia ana hoki kia pakari ake te tuaka Z CMM, ā, kua whakaurua mai ngā rauemi hou pērā i te uku me te karāneti silicon.
• Pūnaha tirotiro
• Pūnaha kohikohi me te whakaiti raraunga — kei roto i te nuinga o te wā he pūmana mīhini, he rorohiko papamahi me he pūmanawa tono.

Te wātea

Ka taea e ēnei mīhini te tū motuhake, te pupuri me te kawe.

Te tika

Ko te tika o ngā mīhini ine taunga ka hoatuhia hei tauwehenga koretake hei mahi i runga i te tawhiti. Mō te CMM e whakamahi ana i te ine pā, e pā ana tēnei ki te āheinga o te ine me te tika o ngā tauine rārangi. Ko te āheinga o te ine noa ka hua ake he ine i roto i te .001mm, .00005 inihi rānei (haurua te hauwhā) puta noa i te rōrahi ine katoa. Mō ngā mīhini tuaka 3, 3+2, me te 5, ka whakatikatikaina ngā ine mā te whakamahi i ngā paerewa ka taea te whai, ā, ka manatokohia te nekehanga o te mīhini mā te whakamahi i ngā ine hei whakarite i te tika.

Ngā wāhanga motuhake

Tinana mīhini

I whakawhanakehia te CMM tuatahi e te Kamupene Ferranti o Kōtirana i ngā tau 1950 hei hua o te hiahia tika ki te ine i ngā wāhanga tika i roto i ā rātou hua hōia, ahakoa e rua noa iho ngā toki o tēnei mīhini. I tīmata te puta o ngā tauira tuaka-3 tuatahi i ngā tau 1960 (DEA o Itari) ā, i tīmata te whakahaere rorohiko i ngā tau tōmua o te tau 1970 engari i whakawhanakehia te CMM mahi tuatahi, ā, i hokona e Browne & Sharpe i Melbourne, Ingarangi. (I muri mai ka hangaia e Leitz Tiamana he hanganga mīhini pumau me te tēpu neke.)

I roto i ngā mīhini hou, e rua ngā waewae o te hanganga o runga o te momo gantry, ā, e kiia ana he piriti. Ka neke noa tēnei i te tēpu granite me te waewae kotahi (e kiia ana ko te waewae o roto) e whai ana i te ara ārahi e piri ana ki tetahi taha o te tēpu granite. Ko te waewae o tera taha (he waewae o waho) ka okioki noa ki runga i te tēpu granite e whai ana i te āhua o te mata poutū. Ko ngā peera hau te tikanga i whiriwhiria hei whakarite kia kore e neke te waku. I roto i ēnei, ka akiakihia te hau kōpeke mā roto i tētahi raupapa o ngā kōhao iti rawa i roto i te mata peera papatahi hei whakarato i tētahi urunga hau maeneene engari e whakahaeretia ana e taea ai e te CMM te neke i roto i te āhua tata kore waku ka taea te utu mā te pūmanawa. Ko te nekehanga o te piriti, o te gantry rānei i te tēpu granite ka hanga i tētahi tuaka o te papa XY. Kei roto i te piriti o te gantry he waka e whakawhiti ana i waenga i ngā waewae o roto me waho, ā, ka hanga i tētahi atu tuaka whakapae X, Y rānei. Ko te tuaka nekehanga tuatoru (tuaka Z) ka whakaratohia mā te tāpiri o tētahi pene poutū, he miro rānei e neke ana ki runga, ki raro hoki i waenganui o te waka. Ko te tirotiro pā te taputapu ine i te pito o te pene. Ko te nekehanga o ngā tuaka X, Y me Z e whakaahua katoa ana i te anga ine. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tēpu hurihuri hei whakarei ake i te ngāwari o te ine ine ki ngā mahi uaua. Kāore te tēpu hurihuri hei tuaka taraiwa tuawhā e whakarei ake i ngā inenga, e noho tonu ana hei 3D, engari he ngāwari te whakarato. Ko ētahi inenga pā he taputapu hurihuri e whakahaerehia ana e te mana, ā, ka taea e te pito inenga te huri poutū i roto i te neke atu i te 180 nekehanga me te huri katoa i te 360 ​​nekehanga.

Kei te wātea hoki ngā CMM i roto i ngā momo āhua rerekē. Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā ringa CMM e whakamahi ana i ngā ine koki i tangohia i ngā hononga o te ringa hei tatau i te tūranga o te pito o te pene, ā, ka taea te whakauru ki ngā tirotiro mō te matawai laser me te whakaahua whatu. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ēnei CMM ringa ina he painga tō rātou kawe ki ngā CMM moenga pumau tuku iho - mā te penapena i ngā wāhi inehia, ka taea hoki e te pūmanawa hōtaka te neke i te ringa ine tonu, me tōna rahinga ine, huri noa i te wāhanga hei ine i te wā ine. Nā te mea he rite ngā ringa CMM ki te ngāwari o te ringa tangata, he maha ngā wā ka taea e rātou te tae atu ki roto o ngā wāhanga uaua kāore e taea te tirotiro mā te whakamahi i tētahi mīhini paerewa e toru ngā tuaka.

Pūwero mīhini

I ngā rā tōmua o te ine taunga (CMM), i whakauruhia ngā inenga mīhini ki roto i tētahi pupuri motuhake i te pito o te pene. I hangaia he inenga tino noa mā te whakapiri i tētahi pōro mārō ki te pito o tētahi kakau. He mea pai tēnei mō te ine i te whānuitanga o ngā mata papatahi, porotaka, porowhita rānei. I hurihia ētahi atu inenga ki ngā āhua motuhake, hei tauira, he hauwhā, kia taea ai te ine i ngā āhuatanga motuhake. I puritia ā-tinana ēnei inenga ki te taha o te mea mahi me te pānui i te tūranga i te wāhi mai i tētahi pānui matihiko tuaka-3 (DRO) i roto rānei i ngā pūnaha matatau ake, i takiuru ki te rorohiko mā te whakamahi i tētahi pana waewae, i tētahi taputapu rite rānei. He maha ngā wā kāore i te pono ngā inenga i mahia e tēnei tikanga whakapā nā te mea i nekehia ngā mīhini mā te ringaringa, ā, i whakamahia e ia kaiwhakahaere mīhini he pēhanga rerekē ki runga i te inenga, i whakamahia rānei ngā tikanga rerekē mō te ine.

Ko tētahi atu whanaketanga ko te tāpiri i ngā motuka hei taraiwa i ia tuaka. Kāore i hiahiatia kia pā ā-tinana ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te mīhini engari ka taea e rātou te taraiwa i ia tuaka mā te whakamahi i tētahi pouaka ringaringa me ngā rākau hari, pērā i ngā waka whakahaere mamao o ēnei rā. I tino pai ake te tika me te tika o te ine me te hanganga o te pūwero pā hiko. Ko David McMurtry te paionia o tēnei taputapu pūwero hou, ā, i muri mai ka hangaia e ia te mea e kiia nei ko Renishaw plc. Ahakoa he taputapu whakapā tonu, he pene poro maitai puna-utaina te pūwero (nō muri mai ko te poro rupi). I te pā o te pūwero ki te mata o te wāhanga, ka huri te pene, ā, i te wā kotahi ka tukuna ngā mōhiohio taunga X,Y,Z ki te rorohiko. I iti haere ngā hapa ine i puta mai i ngā kaiwhakahaere takitahi, ā, kua rite te atamira mō te whakaurunga o ngā mahi CNC me te taenga mai o ngā CMM.

Ko ngā tirotiro whatu he pūnaha CCD-arotahi, e nekehia ana pērā i ngā mea miihini, ā, e anga ana ki te wāhi e arohia ana, kaua e pā ki te rauemi. Ka āraia te ahua o te mata i hopukina ki roto i ngā rohe o te matapihi ine, kia rawaka rā anō te toenga hei whakataurite i waenga i ngā rohe pango me te mā. Ka taea te tatau i te pihi wehewehe ki tētahi pūwāhi, koinei te pūwāhi ine e hiahiatia ana i te wāhi. Ko ngā mōhiohio whakapae i runga i te CCD he 2D (XY) ā, ko te tūranga poutū ko te tūranga o te pūnaha tirotiro katoa i runga i te tūnga puku-Z (tētahi atu wāhanga taputapu rānei).

Ngā pūnaha tirotiro matawai

Kei ngā tauira hou ake nei he pūwero kei a rātou e tōia ana i te mata o te wāhanga ki ngā wāhi tango i ngā wā kua tohua, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā pūwero matawai. He tika ake tēnei tikanga tirotiro CMM i te tikanga pā-pūwero tuku iho, ā, he tere ake hoki i te nuinga o te wā.

Kei te tere haere te whanaketanga o te matawai o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei, e mōhiotia ana ko te matawai kore-pā, tae atu ki te tapatoru pūwāhi kotahi tere-rahi a te reera, te matawai rārangi reera, me te matawai mārama mā. Ka whakamahia e tēnei tikanga ngā hihi reera, te mārama mā rānei e whakaatahia ana ki te mata o te wāhanga. Ka taea te tango i ngā mano tini o ngā pūwāhi, ā, ka whakamahia hei tirotiro i te rahi me te tūnga, engari hei hanga i tētahi ahua 3D o te wāhanga. Ka taea te whakawhiti i ēnei "raraunga kapua-pūwāhi" ki te pūmanawa CAD hei hanga i tētahi tauira 3D mahi o te wāhanga. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ēnei matawai whatu ki ngā wāhanga ngohengohe, ki ngā wāhanga taikaha rānei, hei whakahaere rānei i te hangarau whakamuri.

Ngā whakamātautau ine-iti

Ko ngā pūnaha tirotiro mō ngā tono ine ine moroiti tētahi atu wāhanga hou. He maha ngā mīhini ine taunga (CMM) e wātea ana i te hokohoko, he ine moroiti kua whakauruhia ki roto i te pūnaha, he maha ngā pūnaha motuhake i ngā taiwhanga kāwanatanga, me te maha o ngā tūāpapa ine ine i hangaia e te whare wānanga mō te ine ine moroiti. Ahakoa he pai ēnei mīhini, ā, i roto i te nuinga o ngā wā he tino pai ngā tūāpapa ine ine me ngā ine nanometric, ko tō rātou ngoikoretanga matua he ine moroiti/nano pono, pakari, kaha hoki.^{[e hiahiatia ana te tohutoro]}Ko ngā wero mō ngā hangarau tirotiro tauine iti ko te hiahia mō tētahi tirotiro ōwehenga āhua teitei e āhei ai te uru atu ki ngā āhuatanga hōhonu, whaiti me ngā kaha pa iti kia kore ai e kino te mata, me te tika teitei hoki (taumata nanometer).^{[e hiahiatia ana te tohutoro]}Hei tāpiritanga, ka pāngia ngā taputapu tirotiro moroiti e ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i te haumākū me ngā taunekeneke mata pēnei i te werohanga (nā te piri, te meniscus, me/ranei ngā kaha Van der Waals me ētahi atu).^{[e hiahiatia ana te tohutoro]}

Ko ngā hangarau hei whakatutuki i te tirotiro ine iti ko te putanga iti iho o ngā tirotiro CMM tawhito, ngā tirotiro whatu, me te tirotiro ngaru tū me ētahi atu. Heoi, kāore e taea te whakaiti i ngā hangarau whatu o nāianei kia iti ai te ine i ngā āhuatanga hohonu, whaiti, ā, he iti noa te taumira whatu e te roangaru o te mārama. Mā te whakaahua hihi-X ka kitea he pikitia o te āhuatanga engari kāore he mōhiohio inenga e taea te whai.

Ngā mātāpono ā-tinana

Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tirotiro whatu me/ranei ngā tirotiro taiaho (mēnā ka taea te whakamahi ngātahi), e huri ai ngā CMM ki ngā karuārai ine, ki ngā mīhini ine maha-pūoko rānei. Kāore ngā pūnaha whakaata taha, ngā pūnaha tapatoru theodolite, ngā pūnaha tawhiti taiaho me ngā pūnaha tapatoru e kiia ana he mīhini ine, engari he rite tonu te hua ine: he pūwāhi ātea. Ka whakamahia ngā tirotiro taiaho hei kite i te tawhiti i waenga i te mata me te pūwāhi tohutoro i te pito o te mekameka kinematic (arā: te pito o te wāhanga Z-drive). Ka taea e tēnei te whakamahi i tētahi mahi interferometrical, te rerekētanga arotahi, te whakapēhanga mārama, te mātāpono atarangi hihi rānei.

Ngā mīhini ine taunga kawe

Ahakoa e whakamahia ana e ngā CMM tuku iho he ine e neke ana i runga i ngā tuaka Cartesian e toru hei ine i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o tētahi mea, ka whakamahia e ngā CMM kawe ngā ringa hono, i roto rānei i ngā CMM whatu, ngā pūnaha matawai kore-ringa e whakamahi ana i ngā tikanga tapatoru whatu, ā, ka taea ai te neke haere noa i te mea.

E ono, e whitu rānei ngā toki o ngā CMM kawe me ngā ringa hono, ā, he mea whakauru ki ngā encoder hurihuri, kaua ki ngā toki rārangi. He mama ngā ringa kawe (iti iho i te 20 pauna te taumaha) ā, ka taea te kawe me te whakamahi tata ki ngā wāhi katoa. Heoi, kei te piki haere te whakamahinga o ngā CMM whatu i roto i te umanga. I hangaia me ngā kāmera rārangi kiato, ara matrix rānei (pēnei i te Microsoft Kinect), he iti ake ngā CMM whatu i ngā CMM kawe me ngā ringa, kāore he waea, ā, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi te tango ine 3D ngāwari o ngā momo taonga katoa kei ngā wāhi katoa.

Ko ētahi tono kāore e auau ana, pērā i te hanga whakamuri, te tauira tere, me te tirotiro nui o ngā wāhanga o ngā rahi katoa, he mea tino pai mō ngā CMM kawe. He maha ngā painga o ngā CMM kawe. He ngāwari ki ngā kaiwhakamahi te tango ine 3D o ngā momo wāhanga katoa me ngā wāhi tino tawhiti/uaua. He ngāwari ki te whakamahi, ā, kāore e hiahiatia he taiao whakahaere hei tango ine tika. Heoi anō, he iti ake te utu o ngā CMM kawe i ngā CMM tuku iho.

Ko ngā painga o ngā CMM kawe ko te whakahaere ā-ringa (me whakamahi tonu te tangata). Hei tāpiri, ko te tika whānui o ēnei CMM he iti ake te tika i tērā o te momo piriti, ā, kāore i te pai mō ētahi mahi.

Ngā mīhini ine maha-pūoko

Ko te hangarau CMM tuku iho e whakamahi ana i ngā pūoko pā, e honoa ana ki ētahi atu hangarau ine i ēnei rā. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā pūoko taiaho, ataata, mārama mā rānei hei whakarato i te mea e mōhiotia ana ko te ine maha-pūoko.