Ngā Pūrongo - He aha te hanganga o ngā karāneti?

He aha te hanganga o ngā granite?

KarānitiKo te toka urutomo tino kitea i roto i te kirinuku whenua o te Ao. He mea mōhiotia hei kohatu whakapaipai māwhero, mā, hina, me te pango. He matotoru ki te matotoru te matotoru. Ko ōna kohuke matua e toru ko te feldspar, te quartz, me te mika, e puta mai ana hei muscovite hiriwa, hei biotite pouri rānei, hei rua rānei. O ēnei kohuke, ko te feldspar te mea nui, ā, ko te quartz te nuinga o te wā neke atu i te 10 ōrau. He māwhero ngā feldspar alkali, ka hua ake te karāhe māwhero e whakamahia ana hei kohatu whakapaipai. Ka tio te karāhe mai i ngā magmas whai rawa i te silica e maero te hohonu i roto i te kirinuku o te Ao. He maha ngā putunga kohuke e tata ana ki te tio o ngā tinana karāhe mai i ngā otinga hydrothermal e tukuna ana e aua tinana.

Whakarōpūtanga

I te wāhanga o runga o te whakarōpūtanga QAPF o ngā toka plutonic (Streckeisen, 1976), ka tautuhia te papa granite e te hanganga aratau o te quartz (Q 20 – 60 %) me te ōwehenga P/(P + A) i waenga i te 10 me te 65. E rua ngā papa iti o te papa granite: syenogranite me te monzogranite. Ko ngā toka anake e puta mai ana i roto i te syenogranite e kiia ana he granite i roto i ngā tuhinga Anglo-Saxon. I roto i ngā tuhinga Pākehā, ko ngā toka e puta mai ana i roto i te syenogranite me te monzogranite e kiia ana he granite. Ko te papa iti monzogranite kei roto te adamellite me te quartz monzonite i roto i ngā whakarōpūtanga tawhito. Ko te Komihana iti mō te Whakakapinga Toka e taunaki ana i te wā tata nei kia whakakahoretia te kupu adamellite, ā, kia tapaina ko te quartz monzonite ko ngā toka anake e puta mai ana i roto i te papa quartz monzonite sensu stricto.

Te Hanganga Matū

He toharite ā-ao mō te hanganga matū o te karāhe, mā te ōrau taumaha,

i runga i ngā tātaritanga 2485:

SiO2 72.04% (kirika)
Al2O3 14.42% (arumina)
K2O 4.12%
Na2O 3.69%
CaO 1.82%
FeO 1.68%
Fe2O3 1.22%
MgO 0.71%
TiO2 0.30%
P2O5 0.12%
MnO 0.05%

Kei roto tonu i tēnei ko ngā kohuke quartz me te feldspar, me te whānuitanga o ngā kohuke kē atu (kohuke tāpiri, kāore rānei). Ko te quartz me te feldspar te tikanga ka hoatu he tae mārama ki te karāneti, mai i te māwhero ki te mā. Ko taua tae papamuri mārama ka tohua e ngā kohuke tāpiri pouri. Nō reira, he āhua "tote-me-pepa" te karāneti matarohia. Ko ngā kohuke tāpiri tino noa ko te biotite mika pango me te hornblende amphibole pango. He igneous te nuinga o ēnei toka (i whakapakeketia mai i te magma) me te pluton (i pērā i roto i te tinana nui, hohonu, pluton rānei). Ko te whakaritenga matapōkere o ngā kōhatu i roto i te karāneti—tōna kore papanga—he tohu mō tōna takenga mai plutoni. Ka taea e te toka he rite te hanganga ki te karāneti te hanga mā te roa me te kaha o te whakawhiti o ngā toka parataiao. Engari he papanga kaha taua momo toka, ā, e kiia ana ko te karāneti gneiss.

Kiato + Ira Rewa

Ko te mātotoru toharite o tēnei matū kei waenganui i te 2.65 me te 2.75 g/cm3, ko tōna kaha pēhi kei runga ake i te 200 MPa, ā, ko tōna matotoru tata ki te STP he 3–6 • 1019 Pa·s. Ko te pāmahana rewa he 1215–1260 °C. He iti te uruhanga tuatahi engari he kaha te uruhanga tuarua.

Te Putanga Mai o te Toka Granite

Ka kitea i roto i ngā pluton nui o ngā whenua nui, i ngā wāhi kua tino memeha te kiri o te Ao. He tika tēnei, nā te mea me tino āta totoka te karāneti i ngā wāhi hohonu kua tanumia kia hanga ai he kirikiri kohuke nui. Ko ngā pluton iti iho i te 100 kiromita tapawha te rahi ka kiia he rakau, ā, ko ngā mea nunui ake ka kiia he batholiths. Ka pupuhi ngā rangitoto puta noa i te Ao, engari ko te rangitoto he rite te hanganga ki te karāneti (rhyolite) ka pupuhi noa i runga i ngā whenua nui. Ko te tikanga me hanga te karāneti mā te rewa o ngā toka whenua nui. E rua ngā take e puta ai tēnei: te tāpiri i te wera me te tāpiri i ngā mea mimiti (wai, hauhā waro rānei, e rua rānei). He tino wera ngā whenua nui nā te mea kei roto i a rātou te nuinga o te uranium me te pāhare pākawa o te ao, e whakamahana ana i ō rātou taiao mā te pirau irahiko. Ko ngā wāhi katoa e matotoru ana te kiri ka wera i roto (hei tauira i te Tibetan Plateau). Ā, ko ngā tukanga o te tectonics pereti, ko te nuinga o te subduction, ka taea te ara ake o ngā magma basaltic ki raro i ngā whenua nui. Haunga te wera, ka tukuna e ēnei magma te CO2 me te wai, e āwhina ana i ngā toka o ngā momo katoa kia rewa i ngā pāmahana iti iho. E whakaarohia ana ka taea te whakapiripiri i te nui o te magma basaltic ki te raro o tētahi whenua i roto i tētahi tukanga e kiia nei ko te underplating. Mā te tukunga puhoi o te wera me ngā wai mai i taua basalt, ka taea e te nui o te kirinuku whenua te huri hei karāhe i te wā kotahi.

Kei hea e kitea ai?

Tae noa ki tēnei wā, e mōhiotia ana kei te Ao anake te nui o tēnei toka i roto i ngā whenua katoa, pērā i te wāhanga o te kirinuku whenua. Ka kitea tēnei toka i roto i ngā puranga iti, rite ki te rakau, iti iho i te 100 km² te rahi, i roto rānei i ngā batholiths e whai wāhi ana ki ngā pae maunga orogenic. I te taha o tētahi atu whenua me ngā toka parataiao, ka hangaia te pari raro whenua. Ka kitea anō hoki i roto i ngā lacolites, ngā awaawa me ngā paepae. Pērā i te hanganga o te karāhe, ko ētahi atu momo toka ko ngā alpids me ngā pegmatites. Ko ngā piripiri he iti ake te rahi o te matūriki i ngā rohe o ngā whakaekenga karāhe. Ko ngā pegmatites he nui ake te kirikiri i te karāhe ka noho tahi me ngā putunga karāhe.

Ngā Whakamahinga o te Granite

I hangaia ngā piramiti e ngā Ihipiana onamata mai i ngā karāneti me ngā kōhatu kōhatu.
Ko ētahi atu whakamahinga i Ihipa onamata ko ngā pou, ngā kurupae tatau, ngā paepae, ngā whakairo me te uhi pakitara me te papa.
Rajaraja Chola I te rautau 11 AD, i te tāone o Tanjore i Inia, i hangaia te temepara tuatahi o te ao ki te karāhe. I hangaia te Temepara o Brihadeeswarar, i whakatapua ki a Ariki Shiva, i te tau 1010.
I te Emepaea o Roma, ka noho te karāhe hei wāhanga nui o ngā rauemi hanga whare, me te reo hoahoanga whakahirahira.
Ko te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana hei kōhatu rahi. I ahu mai i ngā karawarawa, ā, he kōhatu whai hua nā tōna hanganga e āhei ana ki te pupuri i ngā taumaha mārama.
E whakamahia ana mō ngā wāhi o roto mō ngā pereti karāhe kua orohia, ngā taera, ngā paepae, ngā papa taera, ngā arawhata me te maha atu o ngā āhuatanga whai hua me ngā āhuatanga whakapaipai.

Hou

E whakamahia ana mō ngā kōhatu urupā me ngā whakamaharatanga.
Whakamahia mō ngā mahi papa.
Ko ngā kaihangarau te tikanga o te whakamahi i ngā pereti mata karāhe kua orohia hei hanga i te papa tohutoro nā te mea he ātete ki te uruhanga, ā, kāore e ngāwari.

Te Hanga o te Granite

E keria ana puta noa i te ao, engari ko te nuinga o ngā tae tauhou i ahu mai i ngā putunga karāhe i Brazil, Īnia, Haina, Pinirana, Āwherika ki te Tonga me Amerika Te Raki. He tukanga whakapaipai me te mahi nui tēnei keri toka. Ka tangohia ngā wahi karāhe mai i ngā putunga mā te tapahi, mā te rehu rānei. Ka whakamahia ngā mīhini tapatapahi motuhake hei tapahi i ngā wahi i tangohia mai i te karāhe hei pereti kawe, kātahi ka tākaihia, ka haria mā te tereina, mā ngā ratonga kaipuke rānei. Ko Haina, ko Brazil me Īnia ngā kaihanga karāhe matua o te ao.

Whakamutunga

Ko te kōhatu e mōhiotia ana ko te "karati pango" he gabbro te tikanga, he rerekē rawa te hanganga matū.
Koinei te toka tino nui o te kirinuku whenua o te Ao. I ngā wāhi nui e mōhiotia ana ko ngā batholith, ā, i ngā wāhi matua o ngā whenua nui e mōhiotia ana ko ngā whakangungu rakau, ka kitea i te pūtake o ngā wāhi maunga maha.
E whakaatu ana ngā tioata kohuke ka āta whakamatao iho i te toka rewa i hangaia i raro i te mata o te whenua, ā, he roa te wā e hiahiatia ana.
Ki te kitea te kirikiri i runga i te mata o Papatūānuku, nā te pikinga ake o ngā toka kirikiri me te horo o ngā toka parataiao i runga ake i a ia i puta ai.
I raro i ngā toka parataiao, kei raro iho i tēnei taupoki ngā karāneti, ngā karāneti kua whakarerekētia te āhua, ngā toka rite rānei. Nō muri mai ka mōhiotia ēnei ko ngā toka o raro whenua.
Ko ngā whakamāramatanga e whakamahia ana mō te karāhe ka arahi i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mō te toka, ā, i ētahi wā ka puta he whakapoauau. I ētahi wā he maha ngā whakamāramatanga e whakamahia ana. E toru ngā huarahi hei whakamārama i te karāhe.
Ka taea te whakaahua i tētahi ara toka māmā, me ngā kohuke karāneti, mika me te amphibole, he toka magmatic matotoru, māmā, he mea hanga nui te feldspar me te quartz.
Mā te tohunga toka e tautuhi te hanganga tuturu o te toka, ā, kāore te nuinga o ngā tohunga e whakamahi i te karāhe hei tautuhi i te toka mēnā kāore e tutuki ki tētahi ōrau motuhake o ngā kohuke. Ka kiia pea e rātou he karāhehe kawakore, he granodiorite, he pegmatite, he aplite rānei.
Ko te whakamāramatanga arumoni e whakamahia ana e ngā kaihoko me ngā kaihoko ko ngā toka kirikiri he mārō ake i te karāneti. Ka taea e rātou te kī ko te karāneti o te gabro, te basalt, te pegmatite, te gneiss me te maha atu o ngā toka.
Ko te tikanga whānui ko te "kōhatu rahi" ka taea te tapahi ki ngā roa, whānui me ngā matotoru kua whakaritea.
He kaha te karāneti hei tu atu i te nuinga o ngā karawarawa, ngā taumaha nui, hei ātete i ngā āhuatanga o te rangi, hei whakaaetia hoki ngā paninga. He kōhatu tino hiahiatia, he mea whai hua hoki.
Ahakoa he nui ake te utu o te karāhe i te utu mō ētahi atu rauemi hanga-tangata mō ngā kaupapa, e kiia ana he rauemi rangatira e whakamahia ana hei awe i ētahi atu nā tōna huatau, tōna pakari me tōna kounga.