He momo toka mura te karāneti i keria mō tōna kaha nui, tōna matotoru, tōna roa, me tōna ātete ki te waikura. Engari he maha ngā whakamahinga o te karāneti – ehara i te mea mō ngā tapawhā me ngā tapawhā rite anake! Inaa, ka mahi tahi mātou me ngā wāhanga karāneti i hangaia i roto i ngā āhua, ngā koki, me ngā pihi o ngā momo rerekētanga katoa i ia wā – me ngā hua tino pai.
Mā te tukatuka matatau o ā mātou mahi, ka taea e ngā mata tapahi te hanga papatahi rawa. Nā ēnei āhuatanga ka waiho te karāhe hei rauemi tino pai mō te hanga turanga mīhini me ngā wāhanga ine ine ine i te rahi me te hoahoa ritenga. Ko te karāhe:
■ ka taea te miihini
■ tino papatahi ina tapahia, ina oti hoki
■ ātete ki te waikura
■ pakari
■ roa te mau
He ngāwari hoki te horoi i ngā wāhanga o te karāneti. I te wā e hanga ana i ngā hoahoa ritenga, kia tino whiriwhiria te karāneti mō ōna painga nui.

NGĀ PAEREWA / NGĀ TONO KAKAHU TINO PAI
He nui te ihirangi quartz o te karāhe e whakamahia ana e ZHHIMG mō ā mātou hua pereti mata paerewa, ā, he nui ake te ātete ki te kakahu me te pakaru. He iti te mimiti wai o ā mātou tae Pango Pai rawa atu, ā, ka whakaitihia te tūponotanga o te waikura o ō ine tika i te wā e whakatakotoria ana ki runga i ngā pereti. Ko ngā tae o te karāhe e tukuna ana e ZHHIMG ka iti ake te kanapa, ko te tikanga he iti ake te ngenge o ngā kanohi mō te hunga e whakamahi ana i ngā pereti. Kua whiriwhiria e mātou ā mātou momo karāhe me te whakaaro ki te whakawhānui wera kia iti ai tēnei āhuatanga.

NGĀ TONO WHAKARITE
Mēnā ka hiahiatia he pereti me ngā āhua ritenga, he whakaurunga miro, he mokowā, he mīhini rānei, me whiriwhiri koe i tētahi rauemi pēnei i te Black Jinan Black. He tino pakari tēnei rauemi taiao, he pai te aukati i te wiri, ā, he pai ake te ngāwari ki te mīhini.

He mea nui kia mōhiotia ko te tae anake ehara i te tohu mō ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te kōhatu. I te nuinga o te wā, he hononga tika te tae o te karāhe ki te aroaro, te ngaro rānei o ngā kohuke, ā, kāore pea he pānga ki ngā āhuatanga e hanga ana i te rauemi pereti mata pai. He karāhe māwhero, hina, me te mangu e tino pai ana mō ngā pereti mata, tae atu ki ngā karāhe mangu, hina, me te māwhero kāore e tino pai mō ngā tono tika. Ko ngā āhuatanga matua o te karāhe, e pā ana ki tōna whakamahinga hei rauemi pereti mata, kāore he pānga ki te tae, ā, ko ēnei e whai ake nei:
■ Te pakari (te piko i raro i te kawenga - e tohuhia ana e te Modulus of Elasticity)
■ Te pakeketanga
■ Te Matotoru
■ Ātete ki te kakahu
■ Te pumau
■ Te Pūngao

He maha ngā rauemi karāhe kua whakamatauria e mātou, ā, kua whakaritea ēnei rauemi. Hei whakamutunga, ko te hua, ko te karāhe pango o Jinan te rauemi pai rawa atu kua mōhiotia e mātou. He rite te karāhe pango o Īnia me te karāhe o Āwherika ki te Tonga ki te karāhe pango o Jinan, engari he iti ake ō rāua āhuatanga ā-tinana i te karāhe pango o Jinan. Ka rapu tonu a ZHHIMG i ētahi atu rauemi karāhe i te ao, ā, ka whakaritea ō rāua āhuatanga ā-tinana.

Mō ētahi atu kōrero mō te karāhe e tika ana mō tāu kaupapa, whakapā mai ki a mātouinfo@zhhimg.com.

He rerekē ngā paerewa e whakamahia ana e ngā kaihanga rerekē. He maha ngā paerewa o te ao.
Ko te Paerewa DIN, ASME B89.3.7-2013, te Whakatakotoranga ā-Motu rānei GGG-P-463c (Ngā Pereti Mata Granite) me ērā atu mea hei pūtake mō ā rātou whakaritenga.

Ā, ka taea e mātou te hanga pereti tirotiro tino tika mō te karāhe kia rite ki ō hiahia. Nau mai whakapiri mai ki a mātou mēnā kei te hiahia koe ki te mōhio atu mō ētahi atu paerewa.

Ka taea te whakaaro ko te papatahi ko ngā pūwāhi katoa o te mata e noho ana i roto i ngā papa e rua e whakarara ana, te papa turanga me te papa tuanui. Ko te ine i te tawhiti i waenga i ngā papa ko te papatahi whānui o te mata. He maha ngā wā ka whai mana tēnei ine papatahi, ā, ka uru pea he tohu taumata.

Hei tauira, ko ngā ātete papatahi mō ngā tohu paerewa e toru kua tautuhia i roto i te whakatakotoranga ā-motu e ai ki te tātai e whai ake nei:
■ Tauira Taiwhanga AA = (40 + tapawhā whakarara/25) x .000001" (taha kotahi)
■ Tau Arowhai A = Tau Taiwhanga AA x 2
■ Taumata Rūma Taputapu B = Taumata Taiwhanga AA x 4.

Mō ngā pereti mata rahi paerewa, ka oati mātou i ngā ātete papatahi e hipa ana i ngā whakaritenga o tēnei whakatakotoranga. Haunga te papatahi, ka aro atu a ASME B89.3.7-2013 me te Whakatakotoranga ā-Motu GGG-P-463c ki ngā kaupapa tae atu ki: te tika o te ine auau, ngā āhuatanga rauemi o ngā karāhe pereti mata, te whakaotinga mata, te taunga o te pūwāhi tautoko, te pakari, ngā tikanga tirotiro e whakaaetia ana, te tāutanga o ngā whakaurunga miro, me ētahi atu.

E tutuki ana, e hipa ana rānei ngā pereti mata karāhe ZHHIMG me ngā pereti tirotiro karāhe i ngā whakaritenga katoa kua whakatakotoria i roto i tēnei whakatakotoranga. I tēnei wā, kāore he whakatakotoranga tautuhi mō ngā pereti koki karāhe, ngā whakarara, ngā tapawhā matua rānei.

Ā, ka kitea e koe ngā tātai mō ētahi atu paerewa i roto iTIKIAKE.

Tuatahi, he mea nui kia noho ma te pereti. Ko te puehu whakakoi e rere ana i te hau te pūtake nui o te pakaru me te haehae o te pereti, nā te mea ka uru ki roto i ngā wahi mahi me ngā mata pa o ngā ine. Tuarua, taupokina tō pereti hei tiaki i a ia mai i te puehu me te kino. Ka taea te whakaroa i te roa o te pakaru mā te hipoki i te pereti ina kore e whakamahia, mā te huri i te pereti i ia wā kia kore ai e nui te whakamahinga o tētahi wāhi, me te whakakapi i ngā papa pa rino i runga i te ine ki ngā papa carbide. Waihoki, kaua e whakatakoto kai, inu ngohengohe rānei ki runga i te pereti. Kia mahara he maha ngā inu ngohengohe kei roto he waikawa waro, he waikawa phosphoric rānei, ka taea te whakarewa i ngā kohuke ngohengohe ka waiho he poka iti ki te mata.

Kei te āhua o te whakamahinga o te pereti tēnei. Mēnā ka taea, ka tūtohu mātou kia horoia te pereti i te tīmatanga o te rā (i te huringa mahi rānei) ā, i te mutunga anō. Mēnā ka paru te pereti, inā koa he wai hinuhinu, he wai piri rānei, me horoi tonu pea.

Horoia te pereti i ia wā ki te wai, ki te horoi pereti mata kore wai rānei a ZHHIMG. He mea nui te whiriwhiri i ngā otinga horoi. Mena ka whakamahia he whakarewa pūngāwerewere (acetone, te whakarewa whakahinuhinu, te waipiro, me ētahi atu), ka whakamatao te mata i te mimiti, ka whakapohehe. I tēnei wā, me tuku kia rite te āhua o te pereti i mua i te whakamahinga, ki te kore ka puta he hapa ine.

Ka rerekē te roa o te wā e hiahiatia ana kia taurite te pereti i runga i te rahi o te pereti, me te nui o te whakamatao. Me rawaka te kotahi hāora mō ngā pereti iti. E rua pea hāora mō ngā pereti nunui. Mena ka whakamahia he kaihoroi wai, ka mimiti hoki te wai.

Ka pupuri hoki te pereti i te wai, ā, ka waikura pea ngā wāhanga whakarewa e pā ana ki te mata. Ka waiho hoki e ētahi kaihoroi he toenga piri i muri i te maroke, ka kukume mai i te puehu ki te hau, ā, ka nui ake te pakaru, kaua e whakaiti.

Kei te whakamahinga o te pereti me te taiao tēnei. Ka tūtohu mātou kia whakahoutia katoatia te pereti hou, te taputapu kēneti tika rānei i roto i te tau kotahi o te hoko. Mena ka whakamahia nuitia te mata o te pereti kēneti, he mea tika kia whakapotohia tēnei wā ki te ono marama. Mā te tirotiro ā-marama mō ngā hapa ine auau mā te whakamahi i te taumata hiko, i tētahi taputapu rite rānei, ka whakaatuhia ngā wāhi pakaru e whanake ana, ā, he torutoru meneti noa iho te roa o te mahi. Kia whakatauhia ngā hua o te whakatikatika tuatahi, ka taea te whakaroa, te whakapoto rānei i te wā whakatikatika e whakaaetia ana, e hiahiatia ana rānei e tō pūnaha kounga ā-roto.

Ka taea e mātou te tuku ratonga hei āwhina i a koe ki te tirotiro me te whakatikatika i tō pereti mata karāhe.

He maha ngā take pea mō ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā whakatikatika:

• I horoia te mata ki te wai wera, ki te wai matao rānei i mua i te whakatikatika, ā, kāore i tukuna he wā nui ki te whakataurite.
• Kāore i te tautokona tika te pereti
• Huringa pāmahana
• Ngā tauira
• Te hihi tika o te rā, te wera rānei i runga i te mata o te pereti. Kia tino mohio kei wera te mata i te rama o runga.
• Ngā rerekētanga o te pikinga pāmahana poutū i waenga i te takurua me te raumati (Mēnā ka taea, kia mōhio ki te pāmahana pikinga poutū i te wā e mahia ana te whakatikatika.)
• Kāore i te rawaka te wā i tukuna ki te pereti hei whakataurite i muri i te tukunga
• Te whakamahinga hē o ngā taputapu tirotiro, te whakamahinga rānei o ngā taputapu kāore i te whakatikatikaina
• Te huringa o te mata i puta mai i te kakahu

E hia ngā momo kōhao i runga i te kōhatu karāhe tino tika?

Ngā Mokowā i runga i ngā Wāhanga Granite Tika

Mō te maha o ngā wheketere, ngā rūma tirotiro me ngā taiwhanga, ka whakawhirinakihia ngā pereti mata karāhe tino tika hei pūtake mō te ine tika. Nā te mea ko ia inenga rārangi e whakawhirinaki ana ki tētahi mata tohutoro tika e tangohia mai ai ngā inenga whakamutunga, ka whakaratohia e ngā pereti mata te papa tohutoro pai rawa atu mō te tirotiro mahi me te tahora i mua i te miihini. He turanga pai hoki ēnei mō te ine i te teitei me te ine i ngā mata. Hei tāpiri, nā te papatahi teitei, te pumau, te kounga whānui me te mahi toi ka pai ai te whakamahi mō te whakairi i ngā pūnaha ine mīhini, hiko me te whatu matatau. Mō tētahi o ēnei tukanga ine, he mea nui kia mau tonu te whakatikatika o ngā pereti mata.

Ngā Inenga Whakahou me te Papatahi

He mea nui te ine papatahi me te ine auau kia tika ai te mata. Ka taea te whakaaro ko te papatahi ko ngā pūwāhi katoa o te mata kei roto i ngā papa e rua e whakarara ana, te papa turanga me te papa tuanui. Ko te ine i te tawhiti i waenga i ngā papa ko te papatahi whānui o te mata. He maha ngā wā ka whai mana tēnei ine papatahi, ā, ka uru pea he tohu taumata.

Ko ngā ātete papatahi mō ngā taumata paerewa e toru kua tautuhia i roto i te whakatakotoranga ā-motu e ai ki te tātai e whai ake nei:

Paerewa DIN, Paerewa GB, Paerewa ASME, paerewa JJS... rerekē whenua, rerekē tūnga...

He kōrero anō mō ​​te paerewa.

Haunga te papatahi, me whakarite kia taea te tukurua. Ko te ine tukurua he ine i ngā horahanga papatahi ā-rohe. He ine tēnei i mahia i ngā wāhi katoa o te mata o te pereti ka tukurua i roto i te ātete kua whakaritea. Mā te whakahaere i te papatahi o te rohe ki te ātete kia pakari ake i te papatahi whānui ka taurangihia he panoni āta haere o te kōtaha papatahi o te mata, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā hapa ā-rohe.

Hei whakarite kia tutuki i te pereti mata ngā whakaritenga ine papatahi me te ine auau, me whakamahi ngā kaihanga o ngā pereti mata karāhe i te Federal Specification GGG-P-463c hei pūtake mō ā rātou whakaritenga. E aro ana tēnei paerewa ki te tika o te ine auau, ngā āhuatanga rauemi o te karāhe pereti mata, te whakaotinga mata, te taunga o te pūwāhi tautoko, te pakari, ngā tikanga tirotiro e whakaaetia ana, me te tāutanga o ngā whakaurunga miro.

Te Tirotiro i te Tika o te Pereti

Mā te whai i ētahi aratohu māmā, ka roa te haumitanga ki tētahi pereti mata karāhe mō ngā tau maha. I runga i te whakamahinga o te pereti, te taiao o te toa me te tika e hiahiatia ana, ka rerekē te auau o te tirotiro i te tika o te pereti mata. Ko te ture whānui ko te whakatikatika katoa o tētahi pereti hou i roto i te tau kotahi o te hoko. Mēnā he maha ngā whakamahinga o te pereti, he mea tika kia whakapotohia tēnei wā ki te ono marama.

I mua i te tawhito o te pereti mata i tua atu i te whakaritenga mō te papatahi whānui, ka whakaatuhia ngā pou kua tawhito, kua piupiu rānei. Mā te tirotiro ā-marama mō ngā hapa ine auau mā te whakamahi i te ine pānui auau ka kitea ngā wāhi kakahu. He taputapu tino tika te ine pānui auau e kitea ai te hapa ā-rohe, ā, ka taea te whakaatu ki runga i te whakakaha hiko whakanui teitei.

Me uru ki roto i tētahi kaupapa tirotiro whai hua ngā tirotiro auau me tētahi autocollimator, kia tika ai te whakataurite i te papatahi whānui e taea ai te whai i te National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Me whakataurite whānui e te kaihanga, e tētahi kamupene motuhake rānei i ia wā, i ia wā.

Ngā Rerekētanga i waenga i ngā Whakamātautau

I ētahi wā, he rerekētanga kei waenga i ngā whakatikatika pereti mata. I ētahi wā, ko ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te huringa o te mata nā te kakahu, te whakamahinga hē o ngā taputapu tirotiro, te whakamahinga rānei o ngā taputapu kāore i whakatikatikaina ka puta ai ēnei rerekētanga. Heoi, ko ngā āhuatanga e rua e tino kitea ana ko te pāmahana me te tautoko.

Ko tētahi o ngā taurangi tino nui ko te pāmahana. Hei tauira, tērā pea i horoia te mata ki te wai wera, ki te wai matao rānei i mua i te whakatikatika, ā, kāore i tukuna he wā nui hei whakataurite. Ko ētahi atu take o te huringa pāmahana ko te hau matao, te hihi tika o te rā, te rama i runga ake, me ētahi atu pūtake wera i runga i te mata o te pereti.

Tērā pea ka rerekē te pikinga o te pāmahana poutū i waenga i te takurua me te raumati. I ētahi wā, kāore e ranea te wā e tukuna ana ki te pereti hei whakataurite i muri i te tukunga. He mea pai kia tuhia te pāmahana pikinga poutū i te wā e mahia ana te whakatikatika.

Ko tētahi atu take noa mō te rerekētanga o te whakataurite ko te pereti kāore i te tautokona tika. Me tautoko te pereti mata i ngā pūwāhi e toru, ko te mea pai ko te 20% o te roa mai i ngā pito o te pereti. Me whakanoho ngā tautoko e rua ki te 20% o te whānui mai i ngā taha roa, ā, ko te tautoko e toe ana me pokapū.

E toru noa ngā pūwāhi ka taea te tū pakari ki runga i tētahi mea engari kaua he mata tika. Mēnā ka ngana koe ki te tautoko i te pereti i ngā pūwāhi neke atu i te toru, ka tautokona te pereti e ngā huinga pūwāhi e toru, kāore e rite ki ngā pūwāhi e toru i tautokona ai i te wā hanga. Ka puta he hapa i te mea ka piko te pereti kia rite ki te whakaritenga tautoko hou. Whakaarohia te whakamahi i ngā tūnga maitai me ngā kurupae tautoko kua hangaia kia rite ki ngā pūwāhi tautoko tika. Ko ngā tūnga mō tēnei kaupapa e wātea ana i te nuinga o te wā mai i te kaihanga pereti mata.

Mena kei te tautokona tika te pereti, me whakataurite tika anake mēnā kua tohua e te tono. Kāore e hiahiatia te whakataurite hei pupuri i te tika o te pereti e tautokona tika ana.

Whakaroahia te Ora o te Pereti

Mā te whai i ētahi aratohu ka whakaiti i te pakaru o te pereti mata karāhe, ā, ka roa ake tōna ora.

Tuatahi, he mea nui kia noho ma te pereti. Ko te puehu whakakoi e rere ana i te hau te tino pūtake o te pakaru me te haehae o te pereti, nā te mea ka piri ki roto i ngā mea mahi me ngā mata pa o ngā ine.

He mea nui anō hoki kia hipokina ngā pereti hei tiaki i te puehu me te kino. Ka taea te whakaroa i te roa o te mau o te pereti mā te hipoki i te pereti ina kore e whakamahia.

Hurihia te pereti i ia wā, kia kore ai e whakamahia nuitia tetahi wāhi. Me whakakapi hoki ngā papa whakapā maitai i runga i te ine ki ngā papa karāhe.

Kaua e whakatakoto kai, inu rānei ki runga i te pereti. He maha ngā inu ngāwari kei roto he waikawa waro, he waikawa whākawa rānei, ka taea e ēnei te whakarewa i ngā kohuke ngohengohe, ka waiho he poka iti ki te mata.

Kei hea te hokinga atu

Ina hiahiatia he whakahou i te mata o te pereti karāhe, whakaarohia mēnā me mahi tēnei ratonga i te wāhi mahi, i te wāhi whakatikatika rānei. He pai ake te whakahou i te pereti i te wheketere, i tētahi wāhi mahi motuhake rānei. Heoi, ki te kore te pereti i tino pakaru, i roto i te 0.001 inihi o te ātete e hiahiatia ana, ka taea te whakahou i te mata i te wāhi mahi. Ki te pakaru te pereti ki te wāhi neke atu i te 0.001 inihi i waho o te ātete, ki te kino rānei te poka, te pakaru rānei, me tuku ki te wheketere kia hurihia i mua i te whakahou.

Kei te whare whakataurite ngā taputapu me ngā tautuhinga wheketere e whakarato ana i ngā āhuatanga tino pai mō te whakataurite tika o te pereti me te mahi anō mēnā e tika ana.

Me tino tupato te whiriwhiri i tētahi tohunga whakatikatika me te whakahou papa i te papaanga. Pātai atu mō te whakamanatanga, me te manatoko kei a ia ngā taputapu ka whakamahia e ia he whakatikatika ka taea te whai. He mea nui anō hoki te wheako, nā te mea he maha ngā tau e pau ana ki te ako me pēhea te whakamahi tika i te karāhe tino tika.

Ka tīmata ngā inenga nui me te pereti mata karāhe tino tika hei tūāpapa. Mā te whakarite i tētahi tohutoro pono mā te whakamahi i tētahi pereti mata kua whakatikatikaina tika, ka whiwhi ngā kaihanga i tētahi o ngā taputapu nui mō ngā inenga pono me ngā wāhanga kounga pai ake.Q

Rārangi Arowhai mō ngā Rerekētanga Whakatikatika

1. I horoia te mata ki te wai wera, ki te wai matao rānei i mua i te whakatikatika, ā, kāore i tukuna he wā nui ki te whakataurite.

2. Kāore i te tika te tautoko o te pereti.

3. Te huringa o te pāmahana.

4. Ngā tauira.

5. Te whitinga o te rā tika, te wera rānei i runga i te mata o te pereti. Kia tino mohio kei wera te mata i te rama o runga.

6. Ngā rerekētanga o te pikinga pāmahana poutū i waenga i te takurua me te raumati. Mena ka taea, kia mōhio ki te pāmahana pikinga poutū i te wā e mahia ana te whakatikatika.

7. Kāore i te rawaka te wā i tukuna ki te pereti hei whakarite i tōna āhua i muri i te tukunga.

8. Te whakamahinga hē o ngā taputapu tirotiro, te whakamahinga rānei o ngā taputapu kāore i whakatikatikaina.

9. Te panonitanga o te mata i puta mai i te kakahu.

Ngā Tohutohu Hangarau

• Nā te mea ko ia inenga rārangi e whakawhirinaki ana ki tētahi mata tohutoro tika e tangohia mai ai ngā inenga whakamutunga, ko ngā pereti mata te papa tohutoro pai rawa atu mō te tirotiro mahi me te tahora i mua i te miihini.
• Mā te whakahaere i te papatahi o te rohe ki tētahi ātete pakari ake i te papatahi whānui ka taurangi te panoni haere o te kōtaha papatahi o te mata, ā, mā reira ka whakaitihia ngā hapa o te rohe.
• Me uru ki roto i tētahi kaupapa tirotiro whai hua ngā tirotiro auau me tētahi autocollimator, kia tika ai te whakataurite o te papatahi whānui kia taea ai te whai atu ki te Mana Tirotiro ā-Motu.

I roto i ngā matūriki kohuke e hanga ana i te karāneti, neke atu i te 90% he feldspar me te quartz, ko te feldspar te nuinga. He mā te nuinga o te wā he hina, he whero te kiko o te feldspar, ā, he mā te nuinga o te quartz, he hina te tae, he hina rānei, koinei te tae taketake o te karāneti. He kohuke mārō te feldspar me te quartz, ā, he uaua ki te neke ki te maripi maitai. Mō ngā ira pōuri o te karāneti, ko te nuinga he mika pango, kei reira ētahi atu kohuke. Ahakoa he ngawari te biotite, kāore i te ngoikore tōna kaha ki te ātete i te ahotea, ā, i te wa ano he iti te nui o te karāneti, he iti iho i te 10% te nuinga. Koinei te āhua o te rauemi e tino kaha ai te karāneti.

Ko tētahi atu take he pakari te karāneti, he piripono te here o ngā matūriki kohuke tetahi ki tetahi, ā, e piri ana tetahi ki tetahi. He iti iho i te 1% o te rōrahi katoa o te toka ngā pūwero. Mā tēnei ka taea e te karāneti te tu atu i ngā pēhanga kaha, ā, kāore e ngāwari te uru ki roto i te makuku.

He kōhatu ngā wāhanga karāneti, kāore he waikura, he ātete waikawa me te kawakore, he ātete pai ki te kakahu, ā, he roa te ora o te mahi, kāore he tiaki motuhake. Ko ngā wāhanga tika o te karāneti te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taputapu o te umanga mīhini. Nō reira, ka kiia rātou he wāhanga tika o te karāneti, he wāhanga karāneti rānei. He rite tonu ngā āhuatanga o ngā wāhanga tika o te karāneti ki ērā o ngā papa karāneti. He kupu whakataki ki te taputapu me te ine i ngā wāhanga tika o te karāneti: Ko te miihini tika me te hangarau miihini moroiti he huarahi whanaketanga nui o te umanga hanga mīhini, ā, kua waiho hei tohu nui hei ine i te taumata hangarau teitei. Ko te whanaketanga o te hangarau hou me te umanga parepare e kore e taea te wehe i te miihini tika me te hangarau miihini moroiti. Ka taea te nekeneke maeneene i ngā wāhanga karāneti i roto i te ine, me te kore e tū. Ko te ine i te mata mahi, ko ngā karawarawa whānui kāore e pā ki te tika o te ine. Me hoahoa me te whakaputa i ngā wāhanga karāneti kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga o te taha tono.

Mara tono:

E mōhio ana tātou katoa, he maha ake ngā mīhini me ngā taputapu e whiriwhiri ana i ngā wāhanga o te karāhe tino tika.

Ka whakamahia ngā wāhanga karāhe mō te nekehanga hihiri, ngā motuka raina, te cmm, te cnc, te mīhini taiaho...

Nau mai ki te whakapā mai mō ētahi atu kōrero.

He mea hanga ngā taputapu ine karāneti me ngā wāhanga miihini karāneti ki te karāneti pango Jinan kounga teitei. Nā te tino tika, te roa o te wā, te pumau me te ātete ki te waikura, kua nui haere te whakamahinga o ēnei taputapu i roto i te tirotiro hua o ngā ahumahi hou me ngā mara pūtaiao pēnei i te miihini ā-rangi me ngā rangahau pūtaiao.

Ngā Painga

----E rua te pakeke atu i te rino maka;

----Nā te huringa o te pāmahana ngā huringa iti o te rahinga;

----Kāore e pēhia, kia kore ai e whakararuraru i te mahi;

----Kāore he pūwero, he kokiri rānei nā te hanganga o te kōpura me te piri iti, e whakarite ana i te papatahi teitei mō te roa o te wā mahi, ā, kāore e kino ki ētahi atu wāhanga, ki ngā taputapu rānei;

----He mahi kore raruraru mō te whakamahi me ngā rauemi aukume;

----He roa te ora, kāore he waikura, he iti hoki ngā utu tiaki.

He mea hanga ngā pereti mata karāhe tino tika ki te paerewa teitei o te papatahi kia tika ai, ā, e whakamahia ana hei turanga mō te whakairi i ngā pūnaha ine hangarau, hiko me te whatu matatau.

Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga ahurei o te pereti mata karāhe:

Te ōritetanga o te mārō;

Ngā Tikanga Tika i raro i te kawenga;

Ārai wiri;

Ngāwari ki te Horoi;

Ātete ki te takai;

Iti te Pūngao;

Kore-whakakoi;

Kore-Aukume

Ngā Painga o te Pereti Mata Granite

Tuatahi, i muri i te wā roa o te koroheketanga taiao o te toka, ka rite te hanganga, ka iti te tauwehenga, ka ngaro katoa te ahotea o roto, kāore e rerekē te āhua, nō reira he teitei te tika.

Tuarua, kāore he karawarawa, ahakoa kāore i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana pumau, ka taea hoki te pupuri i te tika o te ine pāmahana i te pāmahana rūma.

Tuatoru, ehara i te aukumetanga, ka taea te ine kia maeneene te nekehanga, kāore he kare e tangi ana, kāore e pāngia e te makuku, kua pumau te papa.

Tuawhā, he pai te pakari, he teitei te pakeke, he kaha te ātete ki te pakū.

E rima, kāore e wehi i te waikawa, te waikura kawakore, kāore e waikura, kāore e hiahiatia te peita hinu, kāore e ngāwari ki te piri ki te puehu moroiti, te tiaki, he ngāwari ki te tiaki, he roa te ora ratonga.

He aha i whiriwhiri ai i te turanga karāhe hei utu mō te moenga mīhini rino maka?

1. Ka taea e te turanga mīhini karāhe te pupuri i te tino tika ake i te turanga mīhini rino maka. Ka pāngia ngāwari te turanga mīhini rino maka e te pāmahana me te haumākū engari kāore te turanga mīhini karāhe e pāngia;

2. He rite te rahi o te turanga mīhini karāhe me te turanga rino maka, he iti ake te utu o te turanga mīhini karāhe i te rino maka;

3. He māmā ake te whakaoti i te turanga mīhini karāhe motuhake i te turanga mīhini rino maka.

He taputapu matua ngā pereti mata karāhe i roto i ngā taiwhanga tirotiro puta noa i te motu. Mā te mata papatahi, kua whakatikatikaina o te pereti mata, ka taea e ngā kaitirotiro te whakamahi hei tūāpapa mō ngā tirotiro wāhanga me te whakatikatika taputapu. Ki te kore te pumau e tukuna ana e ngā pereti mata, he uaua ake, ki te kore e taea, te hanga tika i te nuinga o ngā wāhanga e manawanuihia ana i roto i ngā mara hangarau me te hauora. Ko te tikanga, ki te whakamahi i te poraka mata karāhe hei whakatikatika me te tirotiro i ētahi atu rauemi me ngā taputapu, me aromatawai te tika o te karāhe tonu. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi te whakatikatika i te pereti mata karāhe hei whakarite i tōna tika.

Horoia te pereti mata o te karāhe i mua i te whakatikatika. Ringihia he iti o te horoi pereti mata ki runga i tētahi kakahu ngohengohe, ma, ka muru i te mata o te karāhe. Whakamaroketia tonutia te horoi i te pereti mata ki tētahi kakahu maroke. Kaua e tukua kia maroke te wai horoi i te hau.

Whakatakotoria he ine auau ki waenganui o te pereti mata o te karāhe.

Whakakorea te ine ine auau ki te mata o te pereti karāhe.

Nekehia mārire te ine i runga i te mata o te karāhe. Mātakitaki i te tohu o te ine, ka tuhi i ngā tihi o ngā rerekētanga teitei i a koe e neke ana i te taputapu i runga i te pereti.

Whakatauritea te rerekētanga o te papatahi puta noa i te mata o te pereti ki ngā ātete mō tō pereti mata, e rerekē ana i runga i te rahi o te pereti me te taumata papatahi o te karāhe. Tirohia te whakaritenga ā-motu GGG-P-463c (tirohia ngā Rauemi) hei whakatau mēnā ka tutuki i tō pereti ngā whakaritenga papatahi mō tōna rahi me tōna taumata. Ko te rerekētanga i waenga i te pūwāhi teitei rawa o te pereti me te pūwāhi iti rawa o te pereti ko tōna ine papatahi.

Tirohia mēnā ko ngā rerekētanga hohonu nui rawa atu i runga i te mata o te pereti kei roto i ngā whakaritenga whakahokinga mō tētahi pereti o taua rahi me taua momo. Tirohia ngā whakaritenga ā-motu GGG-P-463c (tirohia ngā Rauemi) hei whakatau mēnā ka tutuki i tō pereti ngā whakaritenga whakahokinga mō tōna rahi. Whakakahoretia te pereti mata mēnā ka rahua ngā whakaritenga whakahokinga e tētahi pūwāhi.

Kati te whakamahi i tētahi pereti mata karāhe kāore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga ā-motu. Whakahokia te pereti ki te kaihanga, ki tētahi kamupene mata karāhe rānei kia whakakanapahia anō te poraka kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga.

Tohutohu

Me whakarite ngā whakatikatika ōkawa i te iti rawa i te kotahi i te tau, ahakoa me whakatikatika pinepine ake ngā pereti mata karāhe e whakamahia nuitia ana.

Ko te whakatauritenga ōkawa, ka taea te tuhi i roto i ngā taiao hangahanga, tirotiro rānei, ka whakahaerehia e te hunga whakapūmau kounga, e tētahi kaihoko ratonga whakataurite o waho rānei, ahakoa ka taea e te tangata te whakamahi i tētahi ine ine auau hei tirotiro ā-kore i tētahi pereti mata i mua i te whakamahinga.

Te Hītori o Mua o ngā Pereti Mata Granite

I mua i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, i whakamahia e ngā Kaihanga ngā Pereti Mata Rino mō te tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga o ngā wāhanga. I te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, i tino piki ake te hiahia mō te maitai, ā, he maha ngā Pereti Mata Rino i rewa. I hiahiatia he whakakapinga, ā, ko te Granite te rauemi i whiriwhiria nā ōna āhuatanga ine ine pai rawa atu.

He maha ngā painga o te karāneti i runga i te maitai i kitea. He mārō ake te karāneti, ahakoa he pakarukaru ake, ā, ka ngawari te pakaru. Ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te karāneti kia papatahi ake, kia tere ake hoki i te maitai. He āhuatanga pai anō hoki tō te karāneti, arā, he iti ake te horapa o te wera i te maitai. Hei tāpiri, ki te hiahia kia whakatikahia he pereti maitai, me waru ā-ringa e ngā tohunga mahi toi, ā, i whakamahi anō hoki i ō rātou pūkenga ki te hanga anō i ngā taputapu mīhini.

Hei tāpiritanga, kei te whakamahia tonutia ētahi Pereti Mata Rino i ēnei rā.

Ngā Āhuatanga Āhua o ngā Pereti Granite

He toka mura te karāneti i hangaia e ngā pahūtanga puia. Hei whakataurite, he kōhatu kōhatu kua hurihia te āhua o te māpere. Mō te whakamahinga ine, me tutuki i te karāneti kua tīpakohia ngā whakaritenga motuhake kua whakarārangihia i roto i te Whakatakotoranga ā-Motu GGG-P-463c, e kiia nei ko Fed Specs, ā, inā koa, Wāhanga 3.1 3.1 I roto i ngā Fed Specs, me whai kiko te karāneti mai i te anga angiangi ki te anga waenga.

He rauemi mārō te karāneti, engari he rerekē tōna pakeke mō ētahi take. Ka taea e te tohunga hangarau pereti karāneti mātau te whakatau tata i te pakeke mā tōna tae, he tohu tēnei mō te nui o te kuata kei roto. Ko te pakeke o te karāneti he āhuatanga e tautuhia ana e te nui o te kuata me te kore o te mika. Ko ngā karāneti whero me te māwhero te nuinga o te wā e mārō ana, ko ngā hina te pakeke waenga, ā, ko ngā mangu te mea tino ngawari.

Ko te Modulus of Elasticity a Young e whakamahia ana hei whakaatu i te ngāwari, i te tohu rānei i te pakeke o te kōhatu. Ko te toharite o te karāhe māwhero he 3-5 ngā tohu i runga i te tauine, ko te hina he 5-7 ngā tohu, ā, ko te mangu he 7-10 ngā tohu. Mēnā he iti te tau, ka pakeke ake te karāhe. Mēnā he nui ake te tau, ka ngawari ake, ka ngāwari ake te karāhe. He mea nui kia mōhio ki te pakeke o te karāhe ina whiriwhiria he matotoru e hiahiatia ana mō ngā tohu manawanui me te taumaha o ngā wāhanga me ngā inenga kua whakatakotoria ki runga.

I ngā rā o mua, i te wā i noho ai ngā kaimahi mīhini tūturu, e mōhiotia ana e ā rātou pukapuka tēpu trig i roto i ngā pōke o ō rātou hāte, i kiia te karāhe pango ko "Te Mea Pai Rawa." Ko te Mea Pai Rawa ko te momo e tino ātete ana ki te kakahu, e pakeke ake ana rānei. Ko tētahi ngoikoretanga ko te ngāwari o te pakaru, te pakaru rānei o ngā karāhe pakeke. Nā te nui o te whakapono o ngā kaimahi mīhini ko te karāhe pango te mea pai rawa atu, ā, i pania e ētahi kaihanga karāhe māwhero ki te mangu.

Kua kite ahau i tētahi pereti i tukuna iho i te mīhini tāka i te wā i nekehia mai ai i te wāhi rokiroki. I pa te pereti ki te papa, ā, ka pakaru kia rua, ka kitea te tae māwhero tūturu. Kia tūpato mēnā kei te whakamahere koe ki te hoko i te karāhe pango mai i Haina. Ka tūtohu mātou kia moumou moni koe i tētahi atu huarahi. Ka rerekē te pakeke o tētahi pereti karāhe. Ka nui ake te mārō o tētahi rārangi quartz i te toenga o te pereti mata. Ka taea e tētahi paparanga kapara pango te whakangawari ake i tētahi wāhi. E mōhio ana ngā tohunga whakatika pereti mata kua whakangungua, kua mātau ki te whakahaere i ēnei wāhi ngohengohe.

Ngā Tohu Pereti Mata

E whā ngā taumata o ngā pereti mata. Ko te taumata taiwhanga AA me te A, ko te taumata tirotiro rūma B, ā, ko te tuawhā ko te taumata awheawhe. Ko te AA me te A o ngā taumata te mea papatahi rawa atu, he pai ake i te 0.00001 inihi te kaha o te pereti taumata AA. Ko ngā taumata awheawhe te mea tino papatahi, ā, e ai ki te ingoa, he mea hanga mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā rūma taputapu. Ko te taumata AA, ko te taumata A me te taumata B he mea hanga mō te whakamahi i roto i te taiwhanga tirotiro, i te taiwhanga whakahaere kounga rānei.

PWhakamātautau Roper mō te Whakatikatika Pereti Mata

Kua kōrero tonu ahau ki aku kiritaki ka taea e au te tango i tētahi tamaiti 10-tau te pakeke i roto i taku hāhi, ka whakaako i a rātou i roto i ngā rā torutoru noa iho me pēhea te whakamātautau i tētahi pereti. Ehara i te mea uaua. Me whai tikanga hei mahi tere i te mahi, he tikanga ka akohia e te tangata i roto i te wā me te maha o ngā mahi. Me whakamōhio atu ahau ki a koe, ā, e kore e taea e au te whakanui rawa, ehara a Fed Spec GGG-P-463c i te tikanga whakatikatika! He kōrero anō ā muri ake nei.

E ai ki ngā whakaritenga a te Fed, me whakatikatika te papatahi whānui (Mean Pane) me te tirotiro i te Repeatability (te kakahu ā-rohe). Ko te mea anake e rerekē ana ki tēnei ko ngā pereti iti ina hiahiatia noa te repeatability.

Waihoki, he rite tonu te hiranga o ngā whakamātautau kē atu ki te whakamātautau mō ngā pikinga wera. (Tirohia te Delta T i raro nei)

Pikitia 1

E whā ngā tikanga kua whakaaetia mō te Whakamātautau Papatahi. Ngā taumata hiko, te whakakorikori-ā-roto, te taiaho me te taputapu e mōhiotia ana ko te kimi papatahi. Ka whakamahia noa e mātou ngā taumata hiko nā te mea koinei te tikanga tino tika me te tere mō ētahi take.

Ka whakamahia e ngā reera me ngā autocollimator he hihi mārama tino tika hei tohutoro. Ka inehia te tika o te pereti mata karāhe mā te whakatairite i te rerekētanga o te tawhiti i waenga i te pereti mata me te hihi mārama. Mā te tango i te hihi mārama tika, ka whiua ki te ūnga whakaata i a ia e neke ana i te ūnga whakaata ki raro i te pereti mata, ko te tawhiti i waenga i te hihi i tukuna me te hihi whakahoki he ine tika.

Anei te raruraru o tēnei tikanga. Ka pāngia te ūnga me te pūtake e te wiri, te pāmahana taiao, te ūnga iti iho i te papatahi, te whara rānei, te poke o te hau, me te nekehanga o te hau (ngā ia). Ka tāpirihia e ēnei katoa ētahi atu wāhanga o te hapa. Hei tāpiri, he nui ake te takoha o te hapa a te kaiwhakahaere mai i ngā tirotiro me te autocollimator.

Ka taea e te kaiwhakamahi autocollimator mātau te ine tika rawa engari ka raru tonu te ōrite o ngā pānui, inā koa i ngā tawhiti roa, nā te mea ka whānui haere ngā whakaata, ka pōuri haere rānei. Waihoki, ko te whāinga kāore i te tino papatahi me te roa o te rā e titiro ana mā roto i te karu ka puta he hapa anō.

He kuware noa iho te taputapu kimi papa. Ka whakamahia e tēnei taputapu he hihi mārama tino tika (ki te whakataurite ki te hihi mārama tino tika, ki te hihi laser rānei) hei tohutoro. Ehara i te mea ko te tohu anake e whakamahia ana e te taputapu miihini he 20 inihi te taumira, engari ko te kore tika o te pae me ngā rauemi rerekē ka nui ake te pānga o ngā hapa i roto i te ine. Ki tā mātou whakaaro, ahakoa e whakaaetia ana te tikanga, kāore he taiwhanga matatau e whakamahi i tētahi taputapu kimi papa hei taputapu tirotiro whakamutunga.

Ka whakamahia e ngā taumata hiko te kaha ā-papa hei tohutoro. Kāore ngā taumata hiko rerekē e pāngia e te wiri. He iti noa te taumira o te .1 hēkona āwhata, ā, he tere, he tika ngā inenga, ā, he iti noa te takoha o te hapa mai i te kaiwhakahaere mohio. Kāore ngā Papa Tūhura me ngā aunoa-whakakotahi e whakarato i ngā kauwhata whenua (Pikitia 1) me ngā kauwhata isometric (Pikitia 2) o te mata i hangaia e te rorohiko.

Pikitia 2

He Whakamātautau Papatahi Tika o te Mata

He mea nui rawa te papatahi tika o te whakamātautau mata o tēnei pepa, me whakatakoto e au i te tīmatanga. E ai ki te kōrero i mua ake nei, ehara a Fed Spec. GGG-p-463c i te tikanga whakatikatika. He aratohu tēnei mō ngā āhuatanga maha o te karāhe tohu ine ine e hiahiatia ana e tetahi Tari Kāwanatanga ā-Motu, tae atu ki ngā tikanga whakamātautau me ngā manawanui, ngā tohu rānei. Mena ka kī tetahi kaiwhakatū i piri rātou ki ngā Fed Specs, me whakatau te uara papatahi mā te Moody Method.

He tangata nō ngā tau 1950 a Moody, nāna i tito he tikanga pāngarau hei whakatau i te papatahi whānui me te whai whakaaro ki te takotoranga o ngā rārangi i whakamatautauria, mehemea he tata rawa i te papa kotahi. Kāore he mea i rerekē. I ngana a Allied Signal ki te whakapai ake i te tikanga pāngarau engari i whakatau ia he iti rawa ngā rerekētanga, kāore i tika te whakapau kaha.

Mena ka whakamahia e te kaihanga pereti mata ngā Taumata Hiko, te rēseri rānei, ka whakamahia e ia he rorohiko hei āwhina i a ia ki ngā tataunga. Ki te kore he āwhina rorohiko, me tatau ā-ringa e te tohunga hangarau e whakamahi ana i te autocollimation ngā pānui. Ko te mea pono, kāore. He roa rawa te wā, ā, he pono he uaua rawa pea. I roto i te whakamātautau papatahi e whakamahi ana i te Tikanga Moody, ka whakamatautauria e te tohunga hangarau ngā rārangi e waru i roto i te whirihoranga Union Jack mō te tika.

Te Tikanga Moody

Ko te Tikanga Moody he huarahi pāngarau hei whakatau mēnā kei runga i te papa kotahi ngā rārangi e waru. Ki te kore, e waru noa iho ngā rārangi tika e noho ana i runga, i tata rānei ki te papa kotahi. Hei tāpiri, ko te kaimahi kirimana e kī ana kei te piri ki te Fed Spec, ā, e whakamahi ana i te autocollimation, kamewhakaputahia kia waru whārangi raraunga. Kotahi whārangi mō ia rārangi i tirohia hei whakaatu i tana whakamātautau, tana whakatikatika, me ērā e rua rānei. Ki te kore, kāore te kaiwhakatū e mōhio he aha te uara papatahi tūturu.

Ki te mea ko koe tētahi o te hunga e whakatikatikahia ana ō pereti e te kaimahi kirimana mā te whakamahi i te autocollimation, e tino mōhio ana ahau kāore anō koe kia kite i aua whārangi! Ko te Pikitia 3 he tauira okotahi anakewhārangi e waru e tika ana hei tatau i te papatahi whānui. Ko tētahi tohu o taua kuware me te mauahara ko te mea he pai ngā tau porowhita o tō pūrongo. Hei tauira, 200, 400, 650, me ētahi atu. Ko te uara kua tatauhia tika he tau tūturu. Hei tauira 325.4 u In. Ina whakamahia e te kaiwhakatū te Tikanga Moody o ngā tataunga, ā, ka tatau ā-ringa te tohunga hangarau i ngā uara, me whiwhi koe i ngā whārangi e waru o ngā tataunga me tētahi kauwhata isometric. E whakaatu ana te kauwhata isometric i ngā teitei rerekē i ngā rārangi rerekē me te tawhiti e wehe ana i ngā pūwāhi whakawhiti kua tīpakohia.

Pikitia 3(E waru whārangi pēnei e hiahiatia ana hei tatau ā-ringa i te papatahi. Me pātai atu he aha koe kāore ai e whiwhi i tēnei mēnā kei te whakamahi tō kaihanga i te autocollimation!)

Pikitia 4

Ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga hangarau Ine Ahu ngā taumata rerekētanga (Pikitia 4) hei taputapu pai hei ine i ngā huringa iti o te koki mai i te teihana ine ki te teihana. He taumira o ngā taumata ki raro ki te .1 hēkona pewa (5 u Inihi mā te whakamahi i te reti 4″) he tino pumau, kāore e pāngia e te wiri, te tawhiti i inehia, te ia o te hau, te ngenge o te kaiwhakahaere, te poke o te hau, tetahi atu raruraru rānei kei roto i ētahi atu taputapu. Tāpirihia he āwhina rorohiko, ā, ka tere haere te mahi, ka whakaputa i ngā kauwhata whenua me ngā kauwhata isometric e whakaatu ana i te manatoko me te mea nui ko te whakatikatika.

He Whakamātautau Whakahokinga Tika

Ko te pānui tāruarua, te āheinga tāruarua rānei te whakamātautau tino nui. Ko ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana e mātou hei mahi i te whakamātautau āheinga tāruarua he taputapu pānui tāruarua, he LVDT me te whakakaha e tika ana mō ngā pānui taumira teitei. Ka whakatakotoria e mātou te whakakaha LVDT ki te taumira iti rawa o te 10 u Inihi, 5 u Inihi rānei mō ngā pereti tika teitei.

Kāore he painga o te whakamahi i tētahi tohu ā-ringa me te taumira o te 20 u Inihi anake mēnā kei te ngana koe ki te whakamātautau mō te whakaritenga auau o te 35 u Inihi. He 40 u Inihi te koretake o ngā tohu! Ka whai te whakatakotoranga pānui auau i tētahi whirihoranga ine teitei/wāhanga.

Kāore te āheitanga tāruarua i te rite ki te papatahi whānui (Mean Plane). Ki ahau nei, ko te āheitanga tāruarua i roto i te karāhe he ine pūtoro ōrite.

Pikitia 5

Ki te whakamātau koe i te āheinga o te tukurua o te pōro porowhita, kua whakaaturia e koe kāore te whānui o te pōro i rerekē. (Ko te āhua pai o te pereti kua whakatikatikaina tika he āhua karauna pūkohu.) Heoi, e kitea ana kāore te pōro i te papatahi. Āe, he āhua. I te tawhiti poto rawa, he papatahi. Nā te mea ko te nuinga o ngā mahi tirotiro he ine teitei e tata ana ki te wāhanga, ko te āheinga o te tukurua te āhuatanga tino nui o te pereti karāhe. He mea nui ake i te papatahi whānui mēnā kāore te kaiwhakamahi e tirotiro ana i te tika o te wāhanga roa.

Kia tino whakarite kia whakahaerehia e tō kaiwhakatū he whakamātautau pānui tāruarua. Tērā pea ka nui te pānui tāruarua o tētahi pereti i tua atu i te manawanui engari ka puta tonu i te whakamātautau papatahi! He mea whakamiharo ka taea e tētahi taiwhanga te whiwhi whakamanatanga i roto i ngā whakamātautau kāore e uru ana ki te whakamātautau pānui tāruarua. Ko te taiwhanga kāore e taea te whakatika, kāore rānei i te tino pai ki te whakatika, e pai ake ana ki te mahi i te whakamātautau papatahi anake. He onge te rerekētanga o te papatahi mēnā kāore koe e neke i te pereti.

Ko te whakamātautau pānui tāruarua te mea māmā rawa ki te whakamātautau engari ko te mea tino uaua ki te whakatutuki i te wā e pania ana. Kia tino taea e tō kaihanga te whakahoki mai i te auautanga me te kore e "para" te mata, e waiho rānei he ngaru i te mata.

Whakamātautau Delta T

Ko tēnei whakamātautau he ine i te pāmahana TUTURU o te kōhatu i tōna mata o runga me tōna mata o raro, me te tatau i te rerekētanga, Delta T, hei ripoata i runga i te tiwhikete.

He mea nui kia mōhio ko te tau toharite o te whakawhānui wera i roto i te karāhe he 3.5 uIn/Inihi/tohu. He iti noa te pānga o ngā pāmahana me te haumākū ki te pereti karāhe. Heoi, ka taea e te pereti mata te kore e taea te whakamanawanui, te whakapai ake rānei i ētahi wā ahakoa kei roto i te Delta T 0.3 – 0.5 tohu F. Me mōhio mēnā kei roto te Delta T i te 0.12 tohu F mai i te rerekētanga mai i te whakatikatika whakamutunga.

He mea nui hoki kia mōhio koe ka neke te mata mahi o te pereti ki te wera. Mena he mahana ake te pāmahana o runga i te pāmahana o raro, ka piki ake te mata o runga. Mena he mahana ake te raro, he mea onge tēnei, ka totohu te mata o runga. Kāore e ranea mā te kaiwhakahaere kounga, mā te tohunga hangarau rānei te mōhio he papatahi te pereti, ā, ka taea te whakahou i te wā e whakatikatikahia ana, e whakatikahia ana rānei, engari ko te Delta T i te wā o te whakamātautau whakatikatika whakamutunga. I ngā āhuatanga uaua, ka taea e te kaiwhakamahi, mā te ine i te Delta T tonu, te whakatau mena kua kore te pereti e taea te whakamanawanui nā ngā rerekētanga Delta T anake. He waimarie, he maha ngā hāora, ngā rā rānei e roa ai te wā e taunga ai te karāhe ki te taiao. Kāore e pāngia e ngā piki me ngā heke iti o te pāmahana taiao puta noa i te rā. Nā ēnei take, kāore mātou e pūrongo i te pāmahana, i te haumākū rānei o te taiao nā te mea he iti noa ngā pānga.

Te Whakamau Pereti Granite

Ahakoa he mārō ake te karāneti i ngā pereti maitai, he iti tonu ngā ira o te karāneti i runga i te mata. Ko te nekehanga auau o ngā wāhanga me ngā ine i runga i te pereti mata te pūtake nui o te pakaru, inā koa mēnā kei te whakamahia tonutia te wāhi kotahi. Ko te paru me te puehu huri e waiho ana ki runga i te mata o te pereti ka tere ake te tukanga pakaru i a ia e haere ana i waenga i ngā wāhanga, i ngā ine rānei me te mata karāneti. Ina nekehia ngā wāhanga me ngā ine puta noa i tōna mata, ko te puehu whakakoi te take o te pakaru atu. E tino taunaki ana ahau kia horoia tonutia kia whakaitihia te pakaru. Kua kite mātou i te pakaru o ngā pereti nā te tukunga o ia rā o ngā kete UPS ki runga i ngā pereti! Ko aua wāhi pakaru ā-rohe ka pā ki ngā pānui whakamātautau auau whakatikatika. Āraia te pakaru mā te horoi i ia wā.

Te Horoi Pereti Granite

Hei pupuri i te ma o te pereti, whakamahia he kakahu whakapiri hei tango i te kirikiri. Pēhia mārire noa, kia kore ai e toe he toenga kāpia. He tino pai te mahi a te kakahu whakapiri kua whakamahia pai ki te tango i te puehu huri i waenga i ngā horoinga. Kaua e mahi i te wāhi kotahi. Nekehia tō taputapu huri noa i te pereti, kia tohatohahia te pakaru. He pai te whakamahi i te waipiro hei horoi i te pereti, engari kia mōhio koe mā te mahi pera ka tino whakamatao te mata mō te wā poto. He pai te wai me te iti o te hopi. He pai hoki te whakamahi i ngā horoi e wātea ana i te hokohoko pēnei i te horoi a Starrett, engari kia tino tangohia e koe ngā toenga hopi katoa i te mata.

Te Whakatikatika Pereti Granite

Kua mārama kē te hiranga o te whakarite kia tika te whakatikatika a tō kaiwhakatū pereti mata. Ko ngā taiwhanga momo "Whare Whakamaarama" e tuku ana i ngā kaupapa "Mahia katoa mā te karanga kotahi" he onge te whai tohunga hangarau hei mahi whakatikatika. Ahakoa ka tukuna e rātou he whakatikatika, kāore i te katoa he tohunga hangarau kei a rātou te wheako e hiahiatia ana ina tino nui te kore e taea te whakamanawanui i te pereti mata.

Ki te kīia mai kāore e taea te whakatika i tētahi pereti nā te nui o te pakaru, waea mai ki a mātou. Tērā pea ka taea e mātou te whakatika.

Ka mahi ā mātou tohunga hangarau i raro i te Tohunga Hangarau Pereti Mata Matua mō te kotahi ki te kotahi tau me te hawhe te roa. Ka tautuhia e mātou he Tohunga Hangarau Pereti Mata Matua ko tētahi kua oti tana mahi ako, ā, neke atu i te tekau tau te wheako ki te whakatikatika me te whakatika i ngā Pereti Mata. E toru ā mātou Tohunga Hangarau Matua i te Ine Ahumahi, neke atu i te 60 tau te wheako. Kei te wātea tonu tētahi o ā mātou Tohunga Hangarau Matua hei tautoko me te ārahi i ngā wā uaua. He wheako ā mātou tohunga hangarau katoa ki te whakatikatika i ngā pereti mata o ngā rahi katoa, mai i te iti ki te tino nui, mai i ngā āhuatanga taiao rerekē, ngā ahumahi rerekē, me ngā raruraru kakahu nui.

Ko te whakaritenga whakaoti motuhake a Fed Specs he 16 ki te 64 Average Arithmetic Roughness (AA). Ko tā mātou e pai ai he whakaotinga kei roto i te awhe 30-35 AA. He nui noa te rūrū kia pai ai te neke o ngā wāhanga me ngā ine, ā, kia kore ai e piri, e mirimiri rānei ki te pereti mata.

Ina whakatikatika mātou, ka tirohia e mātou te pereti mō te tika o te whakairinga me te taurite. Ka whakamahia e mātou te tikanga whakamaroke maroke, engari mēnā he nui rawa te pakaru e hiahiatia ana te tango i te kirikiri, ka whakamakukuhia e mātou te kirikiri. Ka horoi ā mātou tohunga hangarau i muri i a rātou anō, he tino matatau, he tere, he tika hoki tā rātou mahi. He mea nui tēnei nā te mea kei roto i te utu o te ratonga pereti kirikiri tō wā kore mahi me te ngaronga o te mahi. He mea tino nui te whakatikatika matatau, ā, kaua rawa e whiriwhiri i tētahi kaimahi kirimana i runga i te utu, i te wā ngāwari rānei. Ko ētahi mahi whakatikatika e hiahia ana ki ngā tāngata tino whakangungua. Kei a mātou tēnā.

Ngā Pūrongo Whakamātautau Whakamutunga

Mō ia whakatikatika me te whakatikatika pereti mata, ka whakaratohia e mātou he pūrongo ngaio taipitopito. He nui ngā mōhiohio nui me ngā mōhiohio e tika ana kei roto i ā mātou pūrongo. Ko te Fed Spec. e hiahiatia ana te nuinga o ngā mōhiohio i tukuna e mātou. Haunga ngā mea kei roto i ētahi atu paerewa kounga pēnei i te ISO/IEC-17025, ko te Fed. Ngā whakaritenga mō ngā pūrongo ko:

1. Rahi i roto i ngā putu (X' x X')

1. Tae
2. Kāhua (E pā ana ki ngā papa kore-rawhi, ki ngā papa e rua, e whā rānei)
3. Te Whakatau Tata o te Tauwehenga o te Āhuatanga
4. Te Manawanui Papa Toharite (I Whakatauhia e te Taumata/Rahi)
5. Te Pānui Whakahoki i te Manawanui (I whakatauhia mā te roa whakarara i roto i te inihi)
6. Papa Toharite i Kitea
7. Papa Toharite kei te taha maui
8. Whakahokia te pānui i te kitenga
9. Whakahokia te pānui i te taha maui
10. Delta T (Te rerekētanga pāmahana i waenga i ngā mata o runga me raro)

Mena me mahi e te tohunga hangarau te whakatikatika, te tāpiri rānei i ngā mahi ki te pereti mata, ka haere tahi mai te tiwhikete whakatikatika me tētahi kauwhata whenua, kauwhata ine-rahi rānei hei whakaatu i tētahi whakatikatika tika.

He Kupu mō ngā Whakamanatanga ISO/IEC-17025 me ngā taiwhanga kei a rātou ēnei

Ahakoa he whakamanatanga tō te taiwhanga mō te whakatikatika pereti mata, ehara i te mea e mōhio ana rātou ki tā rātou mahi, engari me mahi tika! Kāore hoki e kī ana ka taea e te taiwhanga te whakatika. Kāore ngā rōpū whakamana e wehewehe i waenga i te manatoko me te whakatikatika (whakatikatika).Aā, e mōhio ana ahau ki tētahi, pea2ngā tinana whakamana e hiahia anaLhereAHe rīpene huri noa i taku kurī mēnā i utua e au he moni nui ki a rātou! He mea pouri tēnei. Kua kite ahau i ngā taiwhanga e whiwhi ana i te whakamanatanga mā te mahi i tētahi o ngā whakamātautau e toru e hiahiatia ana. Heoi anō, kua kite ahau i ngā taiwhanga e whiwhi ana i te whakamanatanga me te koretake o te āhua, ā, ka whakamanahia me te kore he taunakitanga, he whakaaturanga rānei me pēhea te tatau i ngā uara. He mea pouri katoa.

Whakarāpopototanga

Kāore e taea te whakaiti i te mahi a ngā pereti karāhe tino tika. Ko te tohutoro papatahi e whakaratohia ana e ngā pereti karāhe te tūāpapa mō ngā inenga katoa.

Ka taea e koe te whakamahi i ngā taputapu ine hou rawa atu, tino tika rawa atu, ā, tino maha ngā mahi. Heoi, he uaua ki te whakatau i ngā ine tika mena kāore te mata tohutoro i te papatahi. I tētahi wā, i kī mai tētahi kaihoko pea ki ahau "āe, he toka noa iho!" Ko taku whakautu, "Āe, he tika tāu, ā, kāore e taea e koe te whakamāori i te tono kia haere mai ngā tohunga ki te tiaki i ō pereti mata."

Ehara te utu i te take pai hei whiriwhiri i ngā kaihanga pereti mata. Kāore ngā kaihoko, ngā kaikaute me te tini o ngā miihini kounga e mārama ana i ngā wā katoa kāore te whakahou i ngā pereti karāhe i te rite ki te whakahou i te maikoromita, te caliper, te DMM rānei.

Ko ētahi taputapu e hiahia ana ki te tohungatanga, ehara i te utu iti. Whai muri i tēnā, he tino whaitake ā mātou utu. Ina koa mō te whakapono kei te tika tā mātou mahi. He nui atu ā mātou uara tāpiri i tua atu i ngā whakaritenga ISO-17025 me ngā Whakatakotoranga ā-Motu.

Ka taea e te turanga karāhe tino tika te whakapai ake i te mahi a ngā taputapu mīhini

Kei te piki haere tonu ngā whakaritenga i roto i te hangarau mīhini whānui, me te hanga taputapu mīhini. Ko te whakatutuki i te tino tika me ngā uara mahi me te kore e piki ake ngā utu he wero tonu ki te whakataetae. He mea nui te moenga taputapu mīhini i konei. Nō reira, he maha ake ngā kaihanga taputapu mīhini e whakawhirinaki ana ki te karāhe. Nā ōna tawhā ā-tinana, he mārama ngā painga e kore e taea te whakatutuki me te maitai, te raima pūmua rānei.

He toka hohonu puia te karāneti, ā, he tino mātotoru, he ōrite hoki tōna hanganga, he tino iti te tauwehenga whānui, he iti te kawe wera, ā, he teitei te aukati i te wiri.

Kei raro nei ka kitea e koe he aha i tawhito ai te whakaaro whānui he pai anake te karāhe hei turanga mīhini mō ngā mīhini ine taunga matatau, ā, he aha hoki i tino whai hua ai tēnei rauemi taiao hei turanga taputapu mīhini hei whakakapi i te maitai, i te rino maka rānei, ahakoa mō ngā taputapu mīhini tino tika.

Ka taea e mātou te hanga i ngā wāhanga karāhe mō te nekehanga hihiri, ngā wāhanga karāhe mō ngā motuka raina, ngā wāhanga karāhe mō te ndt, ngā wāhanga karāhe mō te x-ray, ngā wāhanga karāhe mō te cmm, ngā wāhanga karāhe mō te cnc, te karāhe tika mō te laser, ngā wāhanga karāhe mō te rererangi, ngā wāhanga karāhe mō ngā wāhanga tika...

Uara Tāpiri Teitei, Kāore he Utu Tāpiri
Ko te pikinga ake o te whakamahinga o te karāneti i roto i te miihini hangarau ehara i te mea nā te pikinga nui o te utu o te maitai. Engari, nā te mea ka taea te whakanui ake i te uara tāpiri mō te taputapu mīhini me te moenga mīhini i hangaia ki te karāneti me te iti noa, te kore utu tāpiri rānei. Kua whakamātauhia tēnei e ngā whakatairite utu o ngā kaihanga taputapu mīhini rongonui i Tiamana me Ūropi.

Kāore e taea te whakatutuki i te pikinga nui o te pumau o te pāmahana, te whakaiti i te wiri me te tika mō te wā roa nā te karāneti me te moenga rino maka, te moenga maitai rānei, me te utu nui noa iho rānei. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā hapa wera te whakatutuki i te 75% o te hapa katoa o te mīhini, me te whakamātau pinepine ki te whakatikatika mā te pūmanawa – me te angitu paku. Nā te iti o tōna kawe wera, ko te karāneti te turanga pai ake mō te tika mō te wā roa.

Me te manawanui o te 1 μm, ka taea e te karāneti te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga papatahi e ai ki te DIN 876 mō te taumata tika 00. Me te uara o te 6 i runga i te tauine pakeke 1 ki te 10, he tino pakeke, ā, me tōna taumaha motuhake o te 2.8g/cm³ kua tata te eke ki te uara o te konumohe. Ka hua ake hoki tēnei i ētahi atu painga pēnei i te tere whāngai teitei ake, te tere o te tuaka teitei ake me te roa o te ora o ngā taputapu mō ngā taputapu mīhini tapahi. Nō reira, ko te huringa mai i te moenga whakarewa ki te moenga mīhini karāneti ka nekehia te taputapu mīhini e pā ana ki te akomanga teitei rawa atu i runga i te tika me te mahi - me te kore utu tāpiri.

Te Tapuwae Taiao Whakapai Ake o Granite
He rerekē ki ngā rauemi pēnei i te maitai, te rino maka rānei, kāore e hiahiatia kia nui te kaha me te whakamahi i ngā tāpiringa hei hanga i te kōhatu maori. He iti noa te kaha e hiahiatia ana mō te keri me te maimoatanga mata. Ko te hua o tēnei he tapuwae taiao pai ake, ahakoa i te mutunga o te oranga o te mīhini ka nui ake i te maitai hei rauemi. Ka taea te whakamahi i te papa karāhe hei pūtake mō tētahi mīhini hou, ka taea rānei te whakamahi mō ngā kaupapa rerekē pēnei i te haehae mō te hanga rori.

Kāore hoki he korenga o ngā rauemi mō te karāneti. He toka hohonu i hangaia mai i te magma i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua. Kua "pakeke" mō ngā miriona tau, ā, e wātea ana i roto i ngā rahinga tino nui hei rauemi taiao i te nuinga o ngā whenua, tae atu ki te katoa o Ūropi.

Whakamutunga: Ko ngā painga maha e kitea ana o te karāhe ki te whakaritea ki te maitai, ki te rino maka rānei, e whakaatu ana i te hiahia nui o ngā kaihanga mīhini ki te whakamahi i tēnei rauemi taiao hei tūāpapa mō ngā taputapu mīhini tino tika, tino mahi. Kei roto i tēnei tuhinga anō ngā kōrero taipitopito mō ngā āhuatanga o te karāhe, he mea whai hua mō ngā taputapu mīhini me te miihini.

Ko te ine auau he ine i ngā horahanga papatahi ā-rohe. E kī ana te whakatakotoranga Ine Auau ko te ine i mahia i hea noa atu i runga i te mata o te pereti ka auau anō i roto i te ātete kua whakaritea. Mā te whakahaere i te papatahi o te rohe ā-rohe kia paku ake i te papatahi whānui ka taurangi te huringa āta haere o te kōtaha papatahi o te mata, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā hapa ā-rohe.

Ko te nuinga o ngā kaihanga, tae atu ki ngā waitohu kawemai, e piri ana ki te Whakatakotoranga ā-Motu mō ngā ātete papatahi whānui, engari he tokomaha e wareware ana ki ngā inenga tāruarua. He maha ngā pereti iti te utu, iti rānei te tahua e wātea ana i te mākete i ēnei rā, kāore e whakamana i ngā inenga tāruarua. Ko te kaihanga kāore e whakamana i ngā inenga tāruarua, KĀORE ia e whakaputa pereti e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga o ASME B89.3.7-2013, Whakatakotoranga ā-Motu rānei GGG-P-463c, DIN 876, GB, JJS rānei...

He mea nui ngā mea e rua kia tika ai te mata mō ngā inenga. Kāore e ranea te whakatakotoranga papatahi anake hei whakamana i te tika o te inenga. Hei tauira, he pereti mata Tirotiro Tohu A 36 X 48, e tutuki ana i te whakatakotoranga papatahi ANAKE o te .000300". Mena ka honoa e te wahi e tirohia ana ētahi tihi, ā, kei te wāhi iti te inenga e whakamahia ana, ko te hapa inenga pea ko te manawanui katoa i te wāhi kotahi, 000300"! Inaa, ka nui ake pea mena kei te taha o te pari te inenga.

Tērā pea ka puta ngā hapa o te .000600"-.000800", i runga i te kaha o te pari, me te roa o te ringa o te ine e whakamahia ana. Mēnā he whakatakotoranga Ine Anō mō ​​tēnei pereti o te .000050"FIR, ka iti iho te hapa ine i te .000050" ahakoa te wāhi i tangohia ai te ine i runga i te pereti. Ko tētahi atu raruraru, e puta ake ana ina ngana tētahi tohunga hangarau kore whakangungu ki te whakahou i te papa o tētahi pereti i te wāhi, ko te whakamahinga o ngā Ine Anō anake hei whakamana i tētahi pereti.

Kāore ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana hei manatoko i te āheinga tāruarua i hangaia hei tirotiro i te papatahi whānui. Ina whakatakotoria ki te kore i runga i te mata piko tino pai, ka pānui tonu i te kore, ahakoa he papatahi tino pai taua mata, he piko tino pai rānei, he pūkohu rānei 1/2"! Ka manatoko noa i te ōritetanga o te mata, ehara i te papatahi. Ko te pereti anake e tutuki ana i te whakatakotoranga papatahi ME te whakatakotoranga ine tāruarua ka tino tutuki i ngā whakaritenga o ASME B89.3.7-2013, o te Whakatakotoranga ā-Motu rānei GGG-P-463c.

Ask us about or flatness specification and repeat measurement promise by calling +86 19969991659 or emailing INFO@ZHHIMG.COM

Āe, engari ka taea anake te whakamana mō tētahi pikinga pāmahana poutū motuhake. Mēnā he huringa o te pikinga, ka taea e ngā pānga o te whānui wera i runga i te pereti te whakaputa i tētahi huringa o te tika kia nui ake i te manawanui. I ētahi wā, mēnā he iti te manawanui, ka taea e te wera e mimitihia ana mai i te rama i runga ake te whakaputa i tētahi huringa pikinga nui mō ētahi haora.

Ko te tauwehenga whānui wera o te karāhe he tata ki te .0000035 inihi ia inihi ia 1°F. Hei tauira: Ko te tika o tētahi pereti mata 36" x 48" x 8" he .000075" (1/2 o te Taumata AA) i te pikinga o te 0°F, he rite tonu te pāmahana o runga me raro. Mena ka mahana te tihi o te pereti ki te wāhi e 1°F te mahana ake i te raro, ka huri te tika ki te .000275" te pūkohu! Nō reira, me whakaaro noa ki te tono pereti he kaha ake te manawanui i te Taumata Taiwhanga AA mena he pai te whakahaere āhuarangi.

Me tautoko te pereti mata i ngā pūwāhi e toru, ko te mea pai ko te 20% o te roa mai i ngā pito o te pereti. Me tautoko e rua ngā tautoko i te 20% o te whānui mai i ngā taha roa, ā, ko te tautoko e toe ana me tū ki waenganui. E toru noa iho ngā pūwāhi ka taea te tū pakari ki runga i tētahi mea engari kaua ki te mata tika.

Me tautoko te pereti i ēnei wāhi i te wā e hangaia ana, ā, me tautoko noa i ēnei wāhi e toru i te wā e whakamahia ana. Mēnā ka ngana koe ki te tautoko i te pereti i ngā wāhi neke atu i te toru, ka tautokona te pereti e ngā huinga rerekē o ngā wāhi e toru, kāore e rite ki ngā wāhi e toru i tautokona ai i te wā e hangaia ana. Ka puta he hapa i te mea ka piko te pereti kia rite ki te whakaritenga tautoko hou. He kurupae tautoko kei ngā tūnga maitai zhhimg katoa, kua hangaia kia rite ki ngā wāhi tautoko tika.

Mena kei te tautokona tika te pereti, me whakataurite tika anake mēnā e hiahiatia ana. Kāore e hiahiatia te whakataurite hei pupuri i te tika o te pereti e tautokona tika ana.

He aha i whiriwhiri ai koe i te karānetiNgā Tūranga MīhinimeNgā Wāhanga Ine Ine?

Ko te whakautu he 'āe' mō te nuinga o ngā whakamahinga. Ko ngā painga o te karāhe ko: Kāore he waikura, kāore hoki he waikura, tata kore e piko, kāore he pūkohu whakakapi ina tapahia, he roa ake te ora o te kakahu, he maeneene ake te mahi, he tika ake, tata kore-aukume, he iti te taunga o te whakawhānui wera, me te iti o te utu tiaki.

He momo toka mura te karāhe i keria mō tōna kaha nui, tōna matotoru, tōna roa, me tōna ātete ki te waikura. Engari he maha ngā whakamahinga o te karāhe – ehara i te mea mō ngā tapawhā me ngā tapawhā rite anake! Inaa, ka mahi tahi a Starrett Tru-Stone me ngā wāhanga karāhe i hangaia i roto i ngā āhua, ngā koki, me ngā pihi o ngā momo rerekētanga katoa i ia wā – me ngā hua tino pai.

Mā te tukatuka matatau o ā mātou mahi, ka taea e ngā mata tapahi te hanga papatahi rawa. Nā ēnei āhuatanga ka waiho te karāhe hei rauemi tino pai mō te hanga turanga mīhini me ngā wāhanga ine ine ine i te rahi me te hoahoa ritenga. Ko te karāhe:

ka taea te mīhini
tino papatahi ina tapahia, ina oti hoki
ātete waikura
pakari
roa te mau
He ngāwari hoki te horoi i ngā wāhanga o te karāneti. I te wā e hanga ana i ngā hoahoa ritenga, kia tino whiriwhiria te karāneti mō ōna painga nui.

NGĀ PAEREWA/ NGĀ TONO KAKAHU TINO PAKARIKARI
He nui te ihirangi quartz o te karāhe e whakamahia ana e ZhongHui mō ā mātou hua pereti mata paerewa, ā, he nui ake te ātete ki te kakahu me te pakaru. He iti te mimiti wai o ā mātou tae Pango me te Māwhero Karaihe Pai rawa atu, ā, ka whakaitihia te tūponotanga o te waikura o ō ine tika i te wā e whakatakotoria ana ki runga i ngā pereti. Ko ngā tae o te karāhe e tukuna ana e ZhongHui ka iti ake te kanapa, ko te tikanga he iti ake te taumaha o ngā kanohi mō te hunga e whakamahi ana i ngā pereti. Kua whiriwhiria e mātou ā mātou momo karāhe me te whakaaro ki te whakawhānui wera kia iti ai tēnei āhuatanga.

NGĀ TONO WHAKARITE
Ina hiahiatia he pereti me ngā āhua ritenga, he whakaurunga miro, he mokowā, he mīhini rānei mō tō tono, me whiriwhiri koe i tētahi rauemi pēnei i a Black Diabase. He tino pakari tēnei rauemi taiao, he pai te aukati i te wiri, ā, he pai ake te ngāwari ki te mīhini.

Āe, ki te kore e tino kino te pakaru. Mā ā mātou tautuhinga wheketere me ā mātou taputapu ka taea te whakarite i ngā āhuatanga tino pai mō te whakatikatika tika i ngā pereti me te mahi anō mēnā e tika ana. I te nuinga o te wā, ki te mea kei roto te pereti i te .001" o te ātete e hiahiatia ana, ka taea te whakahou i te mata i te wāhi. Ki te pakaru te pereti ki te wāhi e neke atu ana i te .001" i te ātete, ki te mea rānei kua kino ngā poka, kua pakaru rānei, me tuku ki te wheketere kia hurihia i mua i te whakakapinga anō.

Me tino tupato te whiriwhiri i tētahi tohunga whakatikatika me te whakahou papa i te papaanga. Ka akiaki mātou i a koe kia tūpato i te whiriwhiri i tāu ratonga whakatikatika. Pātai atu mō te whakamanatanga, me te manatoko kei a te tohunga he taputapu whakatikatika ā-Motu e taea ai te whai i te mana o te Whare Tirotiro ā-Motu. He maha ngā tau e pau ana ki te ako me pēhea te whakamahi tika i te karāhe tino tika.

Ka tukuna e ZhongHui he wā tere ki te whakatikatika i ngā pereti i mahia i roto i tā mātou wheketere. Tukuna mai ō pereti ki te whare mō te whakatikatika mēnā ka taea. Ko tō kounga me tō ingoa rongonui e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tika o ō taputapu ine tae atu ki ngā pereti mata!

He nui ake te mātotoru o ā mātou pereti mata pango, ā, e toru ngā wā ka pakari ake. Nō reira, kāore e hiahiatia kia rite te matotoru o te pereti i hangaia ki te pango ki te pereti karāhe o te rahi kotahi kia rite ai te ātete ki te piko. Ko te iti o te matotoru he iti ake te taumaha me te iti ake o ngā utu kaipuke.

Kia tūpato ki ētahi atu e whakamahi ana i te karāhe pango kounga iti iho i te matotoru ōrite. E ai ki te kōrero i runga ake nei, he rerekē ngā āhuatanga o te karāhe, pērā i te rakau, te konganuku rānei, i runga i te rauemi me te tae, ā, ehara i te mea he tohu tika mō te pakari, te pakeke, te ātete rānei ki te kakahu. Inaa, he tino ngohengohe ngā momo karāhe pango me te diabase, ā, kāore e pai mō ngā tono pereti mata.

Kāo. Ko ngā taputapu me ngā whakangungu motuhake e tika ana hei mahi anō i ēnei taonga me whakahoki mai ki te wheketere hei whakatikatika me te mahi anō.

Āe. He rite ngā āhuatanga o te uku me te karāneti, ā, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana hei whakataurite me te whakapiko i te karāneti me ngā taonga uku. He uaua ake te whakapiko i ngā uku i te karāneti, ā, he nui ake te utu.

Āe, mena kei raro i te mata ngā whakaurunga. Mena he rite tonu ngā whakaurunga maitai ki te mata o te papa, ki runga ake rānei i te mata, me anga whakararo ki raro i mua i te taea te whakakī i te pereti. Mena e hiahiatia ana, ka taea e mātou te whakarato i taua ratonga.

Āe. Ka taea te here i ngā whakaurunga maitai me te miro e hiahiatia ana (Ingarihi, ine rānei) ki roto i te pereti i ngā wāhi e hiahiatia ana. Ka whakamahia e ZhongHui ngā mīhini CNC hei whakarato i ngā wāhi whakaurunga piri rawa atu i roto i te +/- 0.005”. Mō ngā whakaurunga iti ake te hiranga, ko tā mātou ātete wāhi mō ngā whakaurunga miro he ±.060". Ko ētahi atu kōwhiringa ko ngā T-Bar maitai me ngā mokowā hiku-kōpiko i miihinihia tika ki roto i te karāhe.

Ko ngā whakaurunga kua honoa tika mā te whakamahi i te epoxy kaha teitei me te mahi pai ka tu atu i te kaha nui o te torsion me te kutikuti. I roto i tētahi whakamātautau tata nei, mā te whakamahi i ngā whakaurunga miro 3/8"-16, i inehia e tētahi taiwhanga whakamātautau motuhake te kaha e hiahiatia ana hei kukume i tētahi whakaurunga kua honoa ki te epoxy mai i tētahi pereti mata. Tekau ngā pereti i whakamatautauria. Mai i ēnei tekau, i roto i ngā take e iwa, ko te karāhe i pakaru tuatahi. Ko te kawenga toharite i te wāhi i pakaru ai ko 10,020 lbs. mō te karāhe hina me te 12,310 lbs. mō te mangu. I roto i te take kotahi i kumea ai tētahi whakaurunga mai i te pereti, ko te kawenga i te wāhi i pakaru ai ko 12,990 lbs.! Mena ka hanga he piriti e tētahi wahi mahi puta noa i te whakaurunga, ā, ka whakamahia te taipana nui, ka taea te whakaputa i te kaha nui hei wawahi i te karāhe. Nā tēnei take, ka hoatu e ZhongHui he aratohu mō te taipana haumaru mōrahi ka taea te whakamahi i ngā whakaurunga kua honoa ki te epoxy: https://www.zhhimg.com/standard-thread-inserts-product/

Āe, engari i tō mātou wheketere anake. I tō mātou wheketere, ka taea e mātou te whakahoki i te nuinga o ngā pereti ki te āhua 'hou', he iti iho i te haurua o te utu whakakapinga. Ka taea te whakapiripiri i ngā taha kua pakaru, ka taea te huri i ngā awaawa hohonu, ngā kohao, me ngā rua, ā, ka taea te whakakapi i ngā tautoko e piri ana. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e mātou te whakarerekē i tō pereti kia nui ake ai tōna whakamahinga mā te tāpiri i ngā whakaurunga maitai totoka, miro rānei, me te tapahi i ngā mokowā, i ngā ngutu whakapiri rānei, e ai ki ō whakaritenga.

He aha i whiriwhiri ai i te karāneti?
Ko te karāneti he momo toka mura i hangaia i roto i te Ao miriona tau ki muri. He maha ngā kohuke i roto i te toka mura pērā i te quartz he tino mārō, he ātete hoki ki te kakahu. Haunga te mārō me te ātete ki te kakahu, he tata ki te haurua te tauwehenga whānui o te karāneti ki te rino maka. Nā te mea he tata ki te hautoru te taumaha o te rōrahi o te karāneti i te rino maka, he māmā ake te whakahaere i te karāneti.

Mō ngā turanga mīhini me ngā wāhanga ine, ko te karāhe pango te tae e whakamahia nuitia ana. He nui ake te ōrau o te kuata o te karāhe pango i ētahi atu tae, ā, koinei te mea tino uaua ki te mau.

He iti te utu o te karāhe, ā, ka taea te papatahi o ngā mata kua tapahia. Ehara i te mea ka taea te mirimiri ā-ringa kia tino tika ai, engari ka taea hoki te whakahou i te āhua me te kore e nekehia te pereti, te tēpu rānei ki waho o te papa. He mahi mirimiri ā-ringa tēnei, ā, he iti ake te utu i te whakahou i tētahi atu mea rino maka.

Nā ēnei āhuatanga ka waiho te karāhe hei rauemi tino pai mō te hanga turanga mīhini me ngā wāhanga ine rahi me te hoahoa ritenga pērā i tepereti mata karāhe.

Ka hangaia e ZhongHui ngā hua karāhe motuhake hei tautoko i ngā whakaritenga ine motuhake. He rerekē ēnei taonga motuhake mai ingā taha tika totapawhā toruNā te āhua maha o te karāhe,ngā wāhangaka taea te hanga ki tetahi rahi e hiahiatia ana; he pakari, he roa hoki te mau.

Ngā Painga o ngā Pereti Mata Granite
I whakatūria te hiranga o te ine i runga i te mata ōrite e te kaihanga o Peretānia, a Henry Maudsley, i te tekau tau atu i 1800. Hei kaihanga taputapu mīhini, i whakatau ia me whai mata totoka te hanga wāhanga kia pono ai ngā inenga.

Nā te hurihanga ahumahi i hanga he hiahia mō ngā mata ine, nō reira i hangaia ai e te kamupene hangarau a Crown Windley ngā paerewa hanga. I whakatūria tuatahitia ngā paerewa mō ngā pereti mata e Crown i te tau 1904 mā te whakamahi i te konganuku. I te pikinga ake o te hiahia me te utu mō te konganuku, i rangahauhia ngā rauemi rerekē mō te mata ine.

I Amerika, i whakatūria e te kaihanga o ngā whakamaharatanga, e Wallace Herman, he mea pai te karāhe pango hei whakakapi i te konganuku. Nā te mea kāore he aukume o te karāhe, ā, kāore e waikura, kāore i roa ka noho koia te mata ine pai rawa atu.

He haumitanga nui te pereti mata karāhe mō ngā taiwhanga me ngā whare whakamātautau. Ka taea te whakairi i te pereti mata karāhe 600 x 600 mm ki runga i tētahi tūnga tautoko. Ka whakaratohia e ngā tūnga he teitei mahi o te 34” (0.86m) me ētahi pūwāhi whakarerekē e rima hei whakataurite.

Mō ngā hua ine pono, ōrite hoki, he mea nui te whakamahi i tētahi pereti mata karāhe. Nā te mea he papa maeneene, he pūmau hoki te mata, ka taea te whakahaere marie i ngā taputapu.

Ko ngā painga matua o ngā pereti mata granite ko:

• Kāore e whakaata
• Ātete ki ngā matū me te waikura
• He iti te tauwehenga whānui ki te whakaritea ki te rino kāreti, nō reira he iti ake te pānga o te huringa pāmahana
• He pakari, he pakari hoki te mau
• Kāore te mata o te mata e pāngia mēnā ka rakurakuhia
• Kāore e waikura
• Kore-aukume
• He ngāwari ki te horoi me te tiaki
• Ka taea te whakatikatika me te whakahou i te mata i te papaanga
• He pai mō te keri i ngā whakaurunga tautoko miro
• Te whakaiti i te wiri nui

Mō te maha o ngā toa, ngā rūma tirotiro me ngā taiwhanga, ka whakawhirinakihia ngā pereti mata karāhe tino tika hei pūtake mō te ine tika. Nā te mea ko ia inenga rārangi e whakawhirinaki ana ki tētahi mata tohutoro tika e tangohia ai ngā inenga whakamutunga, ka whakaratohia e ngā pereti mata te papa tohutoro pai rawa atu mō te tirotiro mahi me te tahora i mua i te miihini. He turanga pai hoki ēnei mō te ine i te teitei me te ine i ngā mata. Hei tāpiri, nā te papatahi teitei, te pumau, te kounga whānui me te mahi toi ka pai ai te whakamahi mō te whakairi i ngā pūnaha ine mīhini, hiko me te whatu matatau. Mō tētahi o ēnei tukanga ine, he mea nui kia mau tonu te whakatikatika o ngā pereti mata.

Ngā Inenga Whakahou me te Papatahi
He mea nui te ine papatahi me te ine auau kia tika ai te mata. Ka taea te whakaaro ko te papatahi ko ngā pūwāhi katoa o te mata kei roto i ngā papa e rua e whakarara ana, te papa turanga me te papa tuanui. Ko te ine i te tawhiti i waenga i ngā papa ko te papatahi whānui o te mata. He maha ngā wā ka whai mana tēnei ine papatahi, ā, ka uru pea he tohu taumata.

Ko ngā ātete papatahi mō ngā taumata paerewa e toru kua tautuhia i roto i te whakatakotoranga ā-motu e ai ki te tātai e whai ake nei:
Tauira Taiwhanga AA = (40 + whakarara² / 25) x 0.000001 inihi (taha kotahi)
Tau Arowhai A = Tau Taiwhanga AA x 2
Taumata Rūma Taputapu B = Taumata Taiwhanga AA x 4

Haunga te papatahi, me whakarite kia taea te tukurua. Ko te ine tukurua he ine i ngā horahanga papatahi ā-rohe. He ine tēnei i mahia i ngā wāhi katoa o te mata o te pereti ka tukurua i roto i te ātete kua whakaritea. Mā te whakahaere i te papatahi o te rohe ki te ātete kia pakari ake i te papatahi whānui ka taurangihia he panoni āta haere o te kōtaha papatahi o te mata, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā hapa ā-rohe.

Hei whakarite kia tutuki i te pereti mata ngā whakaritenga ine papatahi me te ine auau, me whakamahi ngā kaihanga o ngā pereti mata karāhe i te Federal Specification GGG-P-463c hei pūtake mō ā rātou whakaritenga. E aro ana tēnei paerewa ki te tika o te ine auau, ngā āhuatanga rauemi o ngā karāhe pereti mata, te mutunga o te mata, te taunga o te pūwāhi tautoko, te pakari, ngā tikanga tirotiro e whakaaetia ana, me te tāutanga o ngā whakaurunga miro.

I mua i te tawhito o te pereti mata i tua atu i te whakaritenga mō te papatahi whānui, ka whakaatuhia ngā pou kua tawhito, kua piupiu rānei. Mā te tirotiro ā-marama mō ngā hapa ine auau mā te whakamahi i te ine pānui auau ka kitea ngā wāhi kakahu. He taputapu tino tika te ine pānui auau e kitea ai te hapa ā-rohe, ā, ka taea te whakaatu ki runga i te whakakaha hiko whakanui teitei.

Te Tirotiro i te Tika o te Pereti
Mā te whai i ētahi aratohu māmā, ka roa te haumitanga ki tētahi pereti mata karāhe mō ngā tau maha. I runga i te whakamahinga o te pereti, te taiao o te toa me te tika e hiahiatia ana, ka rerekē te auau o te tirotiro i te tika o te pereti mata. Ko te ture whānui ko te whakatikatika katoa o tētahi pereti hou i roto i te tau kotahi o te hoko. Mēnā he maha ngā whakamahinga o te pereti, he mea tika kia whakapotohia tēnei wā ki te ono marama.

I mua i te tawhito o te pereti mata i tua atu i te whakaritenga mō te papatahi whānui, ka whakaatuhia ngā pou kua tawhito, kua piupiu rānei. Mā te tirotiro ā-marama mō ngā hapa ine auau mā te whakamahi i te ine pānui auau ka kitea ngā wāhi kakahu. He taputapu tino tika te ine pānui auau e kitea ai te hapa ā-rohe, ā, ka taea te whakaatu ki runga i te whakakaha hiko whakanui teitei.

Me uru ki roto i tētahi kaupapa tirotiro whai hua ngā tirotiro auau me tētahi autocollimator, kia tika ai te whakataurite i te papatahi whānui e taea ai te whai i te National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Me whakataurite whānui e te kaihanga, e tētahi kamupene motuhake rānei i ia wā, i ia wā.

Ngā Rerekētanga i waenga i ngā Whakamātautau
I ētahi wā, he rerekētanga kei waenga i ngā whakatikatika pereti mata. I ētahi wā, ko ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te huringa o te mata nā te kakahu, te whakamahinga hē o ngā taputapu tirotiro, te whakamahinga rānei o ngā taputapu kāore i whakatikatikaina ka puta ai ēnei rerekētanga. Heoi, ko ngā āhuatanga e rua e tino kitea ana ko te pāmahana me te tautoko.

Ko tētahi o ngā taurangi tino nui ko te pāmahana. Hei tauira, tērā pea i horoia te mata ki te wai wera, ki te wai matao rānei i mua i te whakatikatika, ā, kāore i tukuna he wā nui hei whakataurite. Ko ētahi atu take o te huringa pāmahana ko te hau matao, te hihi tika o te rā, te rama i runga ake, me ētahi atu pūtake wera i runga i te mata o te pereti.

Tērā pea ka rerekē te pikinga o te pāmahana poutū i waenga i te takurua me te raumati. I ētahi wā, kāore e ranea te wā e tukuna ana ki te pereti hei whakataurite i muri i te tukunga. He mea pai kia tuhia te pāmahana pikinga poutū i te wā e mahia ana te whakatikatika.

Ko tētahi atu take noa mō te rerekētanga o te whakataurite ko te pereti kāore i te tautokona tika. Me tautoko te pereti mata i ngā pūwāhi e toru, ko te mea pai ko te 20% o te roa mai i ngā pito o te pereti. Me whakanoho ngā tautoko e rua ki te 20% o te whānui mai i ngā taha roa, ā, ko te tautoko e toe ana me pokapū.

E toru noa ngā pūwāhi ka taea te tū pakari ki runga i tētahi mea engari kaua he mata tika. Mēnā ka ngana koe ki te tautoko i te pereti i ngā pūwāhi neke atu i te toru, ka tautokona te pereti e ngā huinga pūwāhi e toru, kāore e rite ki ngā pūwāhi e toru i tautokona ai i te wā hanga. Ka puta he hapa i te mea ka piko te pereti kia rite ki te whakaritenga tautoko hou. Whakaarohia te whakamahi i ngā tūnga maitai me ngā kurupae tautoko kua hangaia kia rite ki ngā pūwāhi tautoko tika. Ko ngā tūnga mō tēnei kaupapa e wātea ana i te nuinga o te wā mai i te kaihanga pereti mata.

Mena kei te tautokona tika te pereti, me whakataurite tika anake mēnā kua tohua e te tono. Kāore e hiahiatia te whakataurite hei pupuri i te tika o te pereti e tautokona tika ana.

He mea nui kia noho ma te pereti. Ko te puehu whakakoi e rere ana i te hau te pūtake nui o te pakaru me te haehae o te pereti, nā te mea ka uru ki roto i ngā mea mahi me ngā mata pa o ngā ine. Taupokina ngā pereti hei tiaki i a rātou mai i te puehu me te kino. Ka taea te whakaroa i te roa o te pakaru mā te hipoki i te pereti ina kore e whakamahia.

Whakaroahia te Ora o te Pereti
Mā te whai i ētahi aratohu ka whakaiti i te pakaru o te pereti mata karāhe, ā, ka roa ake tōna ora.

Tuatahi, he mea nui kia noho ma te pereti. Ko te puehu whakakoi e rere ana i te hau te tino pūtake o te pakaru me te haehae o te pereti, nā te mea ka piri ki roto i ngā mea mahi me ngā mata pa o ngā ine.

He mea nui anō hoki kia hipokina ngā pereti hei tiaki i te puehu me te kino. Ka taea te whakaroa i te roa o te mau o te pereti mā te hipoki i te pereti ina kore e whakamahia.

Hurihia te pereti i ia wā, kia kore ai e whakamahia nuitia tetahi wāhi. Me whakakapi hoki ngā papa whakapā maitai i runga i te ārai ki ngā papa karāhe.

Kaua e whakatakoto kai, inu rānei ki runga i te pereti. He maha ngā inu ngāwari kei roto he waikawa waro, he waikawa whākawa rānei, ka taea e ēnei te whakarewa i ngā kohuke ngohengohe, ka waiho he poka iti ki te mata.

Kei hea te hokinga atu
Ina hiahiatia he whakahou i te mata o te pereti karāhe, whakaarohia mēnā me mahi tēnei ratonga i te wāhi mahi, i te wāhi whakatikatika rānei. He pai ake te whakahou i te pereti i te wheketere, i tētahi wāhi mahi motuhake rānei. Heoi, ki te kore te pereti i tino pakaru, i roto i te 0.001 inihi o te ātete e hiahiatia ana, ka taea te whakahou i te mata i te wāhi mahi. Ki te pakaru te pereti ki te wāhi neke atu i te 0.001 inihi i waho o te ātete, ki te kino rānei te poka, te pakaru rānei, me tuku ki te wheketere kia hurihia i mua i te whakahou.

Kei te whare whakataurite ngā taputapu me ngā tautuhinga wheketere e whakarato ana i ngā āhuatanga tino pai mō te whakataurite tika o te pereti me te mahi anō mēnā e tika ana.

Me tino tupato te whiriwhiri i tētahi tohunga whakatikatika me te whakahou papa i te papaanga. Pātai atu mō te whakamanatanga, me te manatoko kei a te taputapu ka whakamahia e te tohunga he whakatikatika NIST-tradeable. He mea nui anō hoki te wheako, nā te mea he maha ngā tau e pau ana ki te ako me pēhea te whakamahi tika i te karāhe tino tika.

Ka tīmata ngā inenga nui me te pereti mata karāhe tino tika hei tūāpapa. Mā te whakarite i tētahi tohutoro pono mā te whakamahi i tētahi pereti mata kua whakatikatikaina tika, ka whiwhi ngā kaihanga i tētahi o ngā taputapu nui mō ngā inenga pono me ngā wāhanga kounga pai ake.

Rārangi Arowhai mō ngā Rerekētanga Whakatikatika

1. I horoia te mata ki te wai wera, ki te wai matao rānei i mua i te whakatikatika, ā, kāore i tukuna he wā nui ki te whakatau i te āhua.
2. Kāore i te tautokona tika te pereti.
3. Te huringa pāmahana.
4. Ngā tauira.
5. Te hihi tika o te rā, te wera rānei i runga i te mata o te pereti. Kia tino mohio kei wera te mata i te rama o runga.
6. Ngā rerekētanga o te pikinga pāmahana poutū i waenga i te takurua me te raumati. Mena ka taea, kia mōhio ki te pāmahana pikinga poutū i te wā e mahia ana te whakatikatika.
7. Kāore i roa te wā i tukuna ki te pereti hei whakarite i tōna āhua i muri i te tukunga.
8. Te whakamahinga hē o ngā taputapu tirotiro, te whakamahinga rānei o ngā taputapu kāore i te whakatikatikaina.
9. Te huringa o te mata i puta mai i te kakahu.

Ngā Tohutohu Hangarau
Nā te mea ko ia inenga rārangi e whakawhirinaki ana ki tētahi mata tohutoro tika e tangohia mai ai ngā inenga whakamutunga, ko ngā pereti mata te papa tohutoro pai rawa atu mō te tirotiro mahi me te tahora i mua i te miihini.

Mā te whakahaere i te papatahi o te rohe ki tētahi ātete pakari ake i te papatahi whānui ka taurangi te panoni haere o te kōtaha papatahi o te mata, ā, mā reira ka whakaitihia ngā hapa o te rohe.