Ko te Mīhini Tika he tukanga hei tango i te rauemi mai i tētahi mea mahi i te wā e pupuri ana i ngā whakaotinga manawanui tata. He maha ngā momo o te mīhini tika, tae atu ki te mira, te huri me te mīhini tuku hiko. Ko te mīhini tika i ēnei rā ka whakahaerehia mā te whakamahi i tētahi Mana Tau Rorohiko (CNC).
Tata ki ngā hua whakarewa katoa e whakamahi ana i te miihini tika, pērā i te maha atu o ngā rauemi pēnei i te kirihou me te rakau. Ka whakahaerehia ēnei mīhini e ngā tohunga miihini kua whakangungua. Kia taea ai e te taputapu tapahi te mahi i tana mahi, me nekehia i ngā ahunga kua tohua kia tika ai te tapahi. Ka kiia tēnei nekehanga tuatahi ko te "tere tapahi." Ka taea hoki te neke i te wahi mahi, e mōhiotia ana ko te nekehanga tuarua o te "whāngai." Mā ēnei nekehanga me te koi o te taputapu tapahi ka taea te mahi a te mīhini tika.
Ko te miihini tika kounga teitei e hiahia ana ki te kaha ki te whai i ngā mahere tino motuhake i hangaia e ngā kaupapa CAD (hoahoa āwhina rorohiko) me CAM (hangahanga āwhina rorohiko) pēnei i a AutoCAD me TurboCAD. Ka taea e te pūmanawa te āwhina ki te whakaputa i ngā hoahoa matatini, 3-ahu, i ngā whakarāpopototanga rānei e hiahiatia ana hei hanga i tētahi taputapu, mīhini, mea rānei. Me piri ki ēnei mahere me ngā taipitopito nui kia mau tonu ai te pono o tētahi hua. Ahakoa te nuinga o ngā kamupene miihini tika e mahi ana me ētahi momo kaupapa CAD/CAM, he maha tonu ā rātou mahi me ngā tuhi ā-ringa i ngā wāhanga tuatahi o te hoahoa.
Ka whakamahia te mīhini tika i runga i te maha o ngā rauemi tae atu ki te maitai, te parahi, te karāhe, te karāhe me ngā kirihou, hei tauira noa iho. I runga i te rahi o te kaupapa me ngā rauemi hei whakamahi, ka whakamahia ngā momo taputapu mīhini tika. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā mīhini hurihuri, ngā mīhini mira, ngā mīhini keri, ngā kani me ngā huri, tae atu ki ngā mīhini karetao tere-rahi. Ka whakamahia pea e te umanga rererangi te mīhini tere-rahi, ko te umanga hanga taputapu rakau ka whakamahia pea te whakairo whakaahua-matū me ngā tukanga mira. Ko te hurihanga o tētahi oma, te rahinga motuhake rānei o tētahi taonga, ka taea te maha ki ngā mano, he torutoru noa iho rānei. He maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia te hōtaka o ngā taputapu CNC mō te mīhini tika, ko te tikanga ka whakahaerehia e te rorohiko. Mā te taputapu CNC ka taea te whai i ngā ine tika puta noa i te oma o tētahi hua.
Ko te mira he tukanga miihini e whakamahi ana i ngā taputapu tapahi hurihuri hei tango i ngā rauemi mai i tētahi mea mahi mā te neke (te whāngai rānei) i te taputapu tapahi ki roto i tētahi ahunga. Ka taea hoki te pupuri i te taputapu tapahi i tētahi koki e pā ana ki te tuaka o te taputapu. Ka hipokina e te mira he whānuitanga o ngā mahi me ngā mīhini rerekē, i runga i ngā tauine mai i ngā wāhanga iti takitahi ki ngā mahi mira roopu mahi nui, taumaha. Ko tētahi o ngā tukanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te miihini i ngā wāhanga ritenga ki ngā ātete tika.
Ka taea te mahi mira mā te whakamahi i te whānuitanga o ngā taputapu mīhini. Ko te momo taputapu mīhini taketake mō te mira ko te mīhini mira (e kiia ana he mira). Whai muri i te taenga mai o te mana whakahaere tau rorohiko (CNC), ka whanake ngā mīhini mira hei pokapū mīhini: ko ngā mīhini mira ka whakanuia e ngā whakawhiti taputapu aunoa, ngā maheni taputapu, ngā carousel rānei, te kaha CNC, ngā pūnaha whakamatao, me ngā āputa. Ko ngā pokapū mira ka whakarōpūtia whānuitia hei pokapū mīhini poutū (VMC) hei pokapū mīhini whakapae rānei (HMC).
Ko te whakaurunga o te mira ki roto i ngā taiao huri, me te ritenga kē, i tīmata mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu ora mō ngā mīhini huri me te whakamahinga o ngā mira i ētahi wā mō ngā mahi huri. Nā tēnei i hua ake ai tētahi momo taputapu mīhini hou, arā, ngā mīhini mahi maha (MTM), he mea hanga motuhake hei whakahaere i te huri me te huri i roto i te anga mahi kotahi.
Mō ngā kaihoahoa, ngā tīma R&D, me ngā kaihanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kimi wāhanga, ka taea e te miihini CNC tino tika te hanga i ngā wāhanga uaua me te kore he tukatuka tāpiri. Inaa, he maha ngā wā ka taea e te miihini CNC tino tika te hanga i ngā wāhanga kua oti i runga i te mīhini kotahi.
Ka tangohia e te tukanga mīhini ngā rauemi, ā, ka whakamahia he whānuitanga o ngā taputapu tapahi hei hanga i te hoahoa whakamutunga, ā, he maha ngā wā he tino uaua, o tētahi wāhanga. Ka whakarei ake i te taumata o te tika mā te whakamahi i te mana tau rorohiko (CNC), e whakamahia ana hei whakahaere aunoa i te mana o ngā taputapu mīhini.
Te tūranga o te "CNC" i roto i te miihini tika
Mā te whakamahi i ngā tohutohu hōtaka kua whakakōwaetia, ka taea e te miihini CNC tino tika te tapahi me te hanga i tētahi mea mahi kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga, me te kore e wawao ā-ringa e te kaiwhakahaere mīhini.
Mā te whakamahi i tētahi tauira hoahoa āwhina rorohiko (CAD) i whakaratohia e tētahi kiritaki, ka whakamahia e te tohunga mīhini te pūmanawa hanga āwhina rorohiko (CAM) hei waihanga i ngā tohutohu mō te mīhini i te wāhanga. I runga i te tauira CAD, ka whakatauhia e te pūmanawa ko ēhea ngā ara taputapu e hiahiatia ana, ā, ka whakaputa i te waehere hōtaka e kī ana ki te mīhini:
■ Ngā RPM tika me ngā tere whāngai
■ Āhea me hea te neke i te taputapu me/te mea mahi rānei
■ Te hohonu o te tapahi
■ Āhea me tāpiri he wai whakamatao
■ Ētahi atu āhuatanga e pā ana ki te tere, te tere whāngai, me te taunga
Kātahi ka whakamahia e te kaiwhakahaere CNC te waehere hōtaka hei whakahaere, hei aunoa, hei aroturuki hoki i ngā nekehanga o te mīhini.
I ēnei rā, he āhuatanga kua whakauruhia te CNC ki roto i te whānuitanga o ngā taputapu, mai i ngā mīhini hurihuri, ngā mira, me ngā pouara ki ngā mīhini EDM waea (electrical discharge machining), te laser, me te plasma cutting machines. Haunga te whakahaere aunoa i te tukanga mīhini me te whakarei ake i te tika, ka whakakorehia e te CNC ngā mahi ā-ringa, ā, ka wātea ngā kaimahi mīhini ki te tirotiro i ngā mīhini maha e rere ana i te wā kotahi.
Hei tāpiritanga, ina oti te hoahoa i te ara taputapu, ā, kua whakaritea hoki te mīhini, ka taea e ia te whakahaere i tētahi wāhanga i ngā wā maha. Mā tēnei ka puta he taumata teitei o te tika me te āheinga ki te mahi anō, ā, ka nui ake te utu me te kaha ki te whakatinana i te tukanga.
Ngā rauemi kua mīhinihia
Ko ētahi o ngā konganuku e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te konumohe, te parahi, te parahi, te maitai, te titanium, me te konutea. Hei tāpiri, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te rakau, te pahuka, te muka karāhe, me ngā kirihou pēnei i te polypropylene.
Ina hoki, ka taea te whakamahi i te nuinga o ngā rauemi me te miihini CNC tino tika — tera pea, kei runga i te tono me ōna whakaritenga.
Ko ētahi painga o te miihini CNC tino tika
Mō te nuinga o ngā wāhanga iti me ngā waeine e whakamahia ana i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā hua hangaia, ko te miihini CNC tino tika te tikanga hanga i te nuinga o te wā.
Pērā i ngā tikanga tapahi me te miihini katoa, he rerekē te whanonga o ngā rauemi rerekē, ā, he nui te pānga o te rahi me te āhua o tētahi wāhanga ki te tukanga. Heoi, i te nuinga o te wā, he pai ake ngā painga o te tukanga miihini CNC tika i ētahi atu tikanga miihini.
Nā te mea ka taea e te miihini CNC te tuku:
■ He tino uaua ngā wāhanga
■ Ngā manawanui pakupaku, mai i te ±0.0002" (±0.00508 mm) ki te ±0.0005" (±0.0127 mm)
■ He tino maeneene ngā whakaotinga mata, tae atu ki ngā whakaotinga ritenga
■ Te āheinga ki te whakahoki anō, ahakoa te nui o ngā oro
Ahakoa ka taea e te mīhini mohio te whakamahi i te mīhini hurihuri ā-ringa hei hanga i tētahi wāhanga kounga teitei i roto i te 10, 100 rānei ngā rahinga, he aha te mea ka tupu ina hiahia koe ki te 1,000 wāhanga? 10,000 wāhanga? 100,000, kotahi miriona wāhanga rānei?
Mā te mīhini CNC tino tika, ka taea e koe te whiwhi i te kaha tauine me te tere e hiahiatia ana mō tēnei momo whakaputanga nui-rahi. Hei tāpiri, ko te kaha whakahoki o te mīhini CNC tino tika ka hoatu ki a koe ngā wāhanga he rite tonu mai i te tīmatanga ki te mutunga, ahakoa te maha o ngā wāhanga e hangaia ana e koe.
He tikanga tino motuhake ētahi o ngā mahi miihini CNC, tae atu ki te EDM waea (machining tuku hiko), te miihini tāpiri, me te tānga laser 3D. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia e te EDM waea ngā rauemi kawe hiko - ko ngā konganuku te tikanga - me ngā tuku hiko hei whakangaro i tētahi mea mahi ki ngā āhua uaua.
Heoi, i konei ka arotahi tātou ki ngā tukanga mira me te huri — e rua ngā tikanga tango e wātea whānuitia ana, ā, e whakamahia pinepine ana mō te miihini CNC tino tika.
Te mira me te huri
Ko te mira he tukanga miihini e whakamahi ana i tētahi taputapu tapahi porotaka hurihuri hei tango rauemi me te waihanga āhua. Ko ngā taputapu mira, e mōhiotia ana ko te mira, ko te pokapū miihini rānei, ka whakatutuki i tētahi ao o ngā āhuahanga wāhanga uaua ki runga i ētahi o ngā mea nui rawa atu o te konganuku i miihinihia.
Ko tētahi āhuatanga nui o te mira ko te noho pūmau o te mea mahi i te wā e hurihuri ana te taputapu tapahi. Arā, i runga i te mira, ka neke te taputapu tapahi hurihuri huri noa i te mea mahi, ka noho pūmau tonu ki tōna tūranga i runga i te moenga.
Ko te hurihanga te tukanga tapahi, te hanga rānei i tētahi mea mahi i runga i tētahi taputapu e kiia nei he mīhini huri. I te nuinga o te wā, ka huri te mīhini huri i te mea mahi i runga i tētahi tuaka poutū, whakapae rānei, i te mea ka neke te taputapu tapahi pumau (tērā pea e huri ana, kāore rānei) i te tuaka kua whakaritea.
Kāore e taea e te taputapu te huri ā-tinana i te wāhanga. Ka huri te rauemi, ka taea e te taputapu te mahi i ngā mahi kua whakaritea. (Heoi, he huinga mīhini huri e huri ai ngā taputapu i te waea whāngai-pōro, kāore i roto i tēnei kōrero.)
I te hurihanga, he rerekē ki te mira, ka takahuri te mea mahi. Ka huri te rakau wāhanga ki te miro o te mīhini tarai, ā, ka pā te taputapu tapahi ki te mea mahi.
Mīhini ā-ringa me te mīhini CNC
Ahakoa e wātea ana ngā mira me ngā mīhini huri i roto i ngā tauira ā-ringa, he pai ake ngā mīhini CNC mō ngā mahi hanga wāhanga iti — e tuku ana i te kaha ki te whakawhanui me te whakahoki anō mō ngā tono e hiahia ana kia nui te whakaputanga o ngā wāhanga e manawanui ana kikī.
Haunga ngā mīhini tuaka-rua māmā e neke ai te taputapu i roto i ngā tuaka X me Z, kei roto hoki i ngā taputapu CNC tino tika ngā tauira tuaka-maha e taea ai hoki te neke i te mea mahi. He rerekē tēnei ki te mīhini hurihuri e herea ana te mea mahi ki te hurihuri, ā, ka neke ngā taputapu ki te hanga i te āhua e hiahiatia ana.
Mā ēnei whirihoranga maha-tuaka ka taea te whakaputa i ngā āhuahanga uaua ake i roto i te mahi kotahi, me te kore e hiahiatia he mahi tāpiri mā te kaiwhakahaere mīhini. Ehara i te mea ka māmā ake te whakaputa i ngā wāhanga uaua anake, engari ka whakaitihia, ka whakakorea rānei te tūponotanga o te hapa a te kaiwhakahaere.
Hei tāpiritanga, mā te whakamahinga o te whakamatao pēhanga teitei me te miihini CNC tino tika ka kore e pakaru ngā maramara ki roto i ngā mahi, ahakoa he mīhini he poupou te anga.
Ngā mira CNC
He rerekē ngā rahi, ngā whirihoranga tuaka, ngā tere whāngai, te tere tapahi, te ahunga whāngai mira, me ētahi atu āhuatanga o ngā mīhini mira.
Heoi, i te nuinga o te wā, ka whakamahia e ngā mira CNC he miro hurihuri hei tapahi i ngā rauemi kāore e hiahiatia. Ka whakamahia ēnei hei tapahi i ngā konganuku mārō pērā i te maitai me te titanium engari ka taea hoki te whakamahi me ngā rauemi pērā i te kirihou me te konumohe.
He mea hanga ngā mira CNC kia taea ai te mahi anō, ā, ka taea te whakamahi mō ngā mahi katoa mai i te hanga tauira ki te whakaputa nui. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā mira CNC tino tika mō ngā mahi ātete kikī pērā i te mira i ngā mati pai me ngā pokepokea.
Ahakoa ka taea e te mira CNC te tere o te hurihanga, ka hangaia e te whakaotinga i te mira he tohu taputapu e kitea ana. Tērā pea ka puta he wāhanga he koi ngā taha me ngā kōhao, nō reira me hiahiatia ētahi atu tukanga mēnā kāore e whakaaetia ngā taha me ngā kōhao mō aua āhuatanga.
Ae, mā ngā taputapu wetewete i ngā pakaru kua whakaritea ki roto i te raupapa ka wetewete i ngā pakaru, ahakoa i te nuinga o te wā ka tutuki i te 90% o te whakaritenga kua oti, ka waiho ētahi āhuatanga hei whakaotinga ā-ringa whakamutunga.
Mō te whakaotinga o te mata, kei reira ngā taputapu hei whakaputa i tētahi whakaotinga mata e tika ana, tae atu ki tētahi whakaotinga whakaata i ngā wāhanga o te hua mahi.
Ngā momo mira CNC
E mōhiotia ana ngā momo mīhini mira matua e rua, ko ngā pokapū mīhini poutū me ngā pokapū mīhini whakapae, ko te rerekētanga matua kei te takotoranga o te poupou mīhini.
Ko te pokapū mīhini poutū he mira e hāngai ana te tuaka porowhita ki te ahunga tuaka-Z. Ka taea te wehewehe anō i ēnei mīhini poutū ki ngā momo e rua:
■Ngā mira moenga, e neke ana te miro whakarara ki tōna ake tuaka i te mea e neke poutū ana te tēpu ki te tuaka o te miro
■Ngā mira tāwharau, kei reira te porowhita e tū ana, ā, ka nekehia te tēpu kia poutū tonu, kia whakarara hoki ki te tuaka o te porowhita i te wā e tapahia ana
I roto i te pokapū mīhini whakapae, ka hāngai te tuaka miro o te mira ki te ahunga tuaka-Y. Nā te hanganga whakapae, he nui ake te wāhi e nohoia ana e ēnei mira i runga i te papa o te whare mīhini; he taumaha ake hoki, he kaha ake i ngā mīhini poutū.
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia he mira whakapae ina hiahiatia he āhua mata pai ake; nā te mea ko te aronga o te miro te tikanga ka taka noa ngā maramara tapahi, ā, ka ngāwari te tango. (Hei painga anō, mā te tango maramara whai hua ka roa ake te ora o te taputapu.)
I te nuinga o te wā, he nui ake te kitea o ngā pokapū mīhini poutū nā te mea he rite te kaha ki ngā pokapū mīhini whakapae, ā, ka taea te whakahaere i ngā wāhanga iti rawa. Hei tāpiri, he iti ake te tapuwae o ngā pokapū poutū i ngā pokapū mīhini whakapae.
Ngā mira CNC maha-tuaka
Kei te wātea ngā pokapū mira CNC tino tika me ngā toki maha. Ka whakamahia e te mira tuaka-3 ngā toki X, Y, me Z mō te whānuitanga o ngā mahi. Mēnā he mira tuaka-4, ka taea e te mīhini te huri i runga i te tuaka poutū me te tuaka whakapae, ka neke i te wāhanga mahi kia pai ai te mahi miihini tonu.
E toru ngā toki tuku iho o tētahi mira tuaka-5, me ētahi atu toki hurihuri e rua, e āhei ai te huri i te mea mahi i te neke haere o te pane porowhita. Mā tēnei ka taea te mīhini i ngā taha e rima o te mea mahi me te kore e tangohia te mea mahi me te tautuhi anō i te mīhini.
Ngā mīhini huri CNC
He mīhini hurihuri — e kiia ana hoki ko te pokapū hurihuri — he kotahi, neke atu rānei ngā miro, me ngā tuaka X me Z. Ka whakamahia te mīhini hei huri i tētahi mea mahi i runga i tōna tuaka hei mahi i ngā mahi tapahi me te hanga, me te whakamahi i te whānuitanga o ngā taputapu ki te mea mahi.
He pai ngā mīhini huri CNC, e kiia ana hoki he mīhini huri taputapu ora, mō te hanga i ngā wāhanga porotaka, porowhita rānei. Pērā i ngā mira CNC, ka taea e ngā mīhini huri CNC te whakahaere i ngā mahi iti ake pēnei i te tauira engari ka taea hoki te whakarite kia tere te whakahoki, hei tautoko i te whakaputanga nui.
Ka taea hoki te whakarite i ngā mīhini mīhini CNC mō te mahi whakaputa kore-ringa, ā, nā reira e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā ahumahi motuka, hikohiko, rererangi, karetao, me ngā taputapu hauora.
Te mahi a te mīhini huri CNC
Mā te mīhini huri CNC, ka utaina he pae kau o ngā rauemi taketake ki roto i te pū o te miro o te mīhini huri. Mā tēnei pū ka pupuri te mea mahi i tōna tūranga i te wā e hurihuri ana te miro. Ina tae te miro ki te tere e hiahiatia ana, ka pā atu he taputapu tapahi tūmau ki te mea mahi hei tango i te rauemi me te whakatutuki i te āhua tika.
Ka taea e te mīhini huri CNC te mahi i ngā mahi maha, pērā i te keri, te miro, te poka, te whakakī, te whakahāngai, me te huri whakarara. Me huri ngā taputapu i ngā mahi rerekē, ā, ka piki ake te utu me te wā whakatū.
Kia oti katoa ngā mahi mīhini e hiahiatia ana, ka tapahia te wāhanga mai i te rakau hei tukatuka anō, mēnā e tika ana. Kātahi ka rite te mīhini huri CNC ki te mahi anō i te mahi, me te iti noa, kāore rānei he wā whakatū tāpiri e hiahiatia ana i waenganui.
Ka taea hoki e ngā mīhini huri CNC te whakauru i ngā momo whāngai pae aunoa, e whakaiti ana i te nui o te whakahaere rauemi mata ā-ringa, ā, e whakarato ana i ngā painga pēnei i ēnei:
■ Whakaitihia te wā me te kaha e hiahiatia ana e te kaiwhakahaere mīhini
■ Tautokohia te pae rakau hei whakaiti i ngā wiri ka pā kino ki te tika
■ Tukua te mīhini kia mahi i ngā tere porotaka tino pai
■ Whakaitihia ngā wā whakawhiti
■ Whakaitihia te para rauemi
Ngā momo mīhini huri CNC
He maha ngā momo mīhini huri, engari ko ngā mea tino noa ko ngā mīhini huri CNC tuaka-rua me ngā mīhini huri aunoa ā-Haina.
Ko te nuinga o ngā mīhini huri CNC Haina e whakamahi ana i tētahi, i ētahi rānei o ngā miro matua me tētahi, i ētahi rānei o ngā miro whakamuri (tuarua rānei), ko te whakawhiti hurihuri te kawenga mō te mea tuatahi. Ko te miro matua te kaiwhakahaere o te mahi mīhini tuatahi, me te āwhina o tētahi pū ārahi.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko ētahi mīhini huri kāhua Haina he pane taputapu tuarua e mahi ana hei mira CNC.
Mā te mīhini hurihuri aunoa CNC āhua Haina, ka whāngaihia te rauemi taketake mā te miro pane reti ki roto i te pū ārahi. Mā tēnei ka taea e te taputapu te tapahi i te rauemi kia tata atu ki te wāhi e tautokona ana te rauemi, ka tino whai hua te mīhini Haina mō ngā wāhanga roa, angiangi hoki kua hurihia, me te miihini iti hoki.
Ka taea e ngā pokapū huri CNC maha-tuaka me ngā mīhini huri āhua Haina te whakatutuki i ngā mahi mīhini maha mā te whakamahi i te mīhini kotahi. Nā tēnei ka waiho hei kōwhiringa utu-pai mō ngā āhuahanga uaua e hiahia ana ki ngā mīhini maha, ki ngā whakarerekētanga taputapu rānei mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu pēnei i te mira CNC tuku iho.