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I roto i te ao hanga haurua-ira, ko te tika te pūtake o te kounga me te mahi a te hua. Ko ngā taputapu ine haurua-ira, hei hononga matua ki te whakarite i te tika o te whakaputanga, e whakatakoto ana i ngā whakaritenga tino kaha mō te pumau o ōna wāhanga matua. I roto i ēnei, ko te papa granite, me tōna pumau wera tino pai, he mahi nui tana i roto i ngā taputapu ine haurua-ira. Ka whakahaerehia e tēnei tuhinga he tātaritanga hohonu o te mahi pumau wera o ngā papa granite i roto i ngā taputapu ine haurua-ira mā roto i ngā raraunga whakamātautau tuturu.
Ngā whakaritenga pakari mō te pumau wera o ngā taputapu ine i roto i te hanga haurua-haurua
He tino uaua, he tino tika hoki te tukanga hanga haurua-haurua, ā, kua eke te whānui o ngā rārangi ara iahiko i runga i te maramara ki te taumata nanometer. I roto i tētahi tukanga hanga tino tika, ahakoa te iti rawa o te huringa pāmahana ka taea te whakawhanui me te whakaheke i ngā wāhanga taputapu, ka puta ai ngā hapa ine. Hei tauira, i roto i te tukanga whakaahua-ipurangi, ki te rerekē te tika o te ine o te taputapu ine mā te 1 nanometer, ka puta pea he raruraru nui pērā i ngā ara iahiko poto, ngā ara iahiko tuwhera rānei i roto i ngā ara iahiko i runga i te maramara, ka mutu ka pakaru te maramara. E ai ki ngā tatauranga raraunga ahumahi, mō ia huringa pāmahana 1℃, ka rerekē pea te whānuitanga o te papa taputapu ine rauemi whakarewa tuku iho ki ētahi nanometer. Heoi, me whakahaere te tika ine mō te hanga haurua-haurua i roto i te ±0.1 nanometer, e mea ana ko te pumau o te pāmahana he mea nui hei whakatau mena ka taea e te taputapu ine te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te hanga haurua-haurua.
Ngā painga ariā o te pumau wera o ngā papa granite
He momo kōhatu tūturu te karāneti, he rite tonu te hanganga o roto o te kohuke, he matotoru, he ōrite hoki, ā, he painga tūturu tōna mō te pumau o te wera. Mō te tauwehenga whānui wera, he tino iti te tauwehenga whānui wera o te karāneti, i te nuinga o te wā mai i te 4.5 ki te 6.5×10⁻⁶/K. He rerekē, ko te tauwehenga whānui wera o ngā rauemi whakarewa noa pēnei i te koranu konumohe he teitei ki te 23.8×10⁻⁶/K, he maha ngā wā he nui ake i te karāneti. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekētanga pāmahana ōrite, he iti ake te huringa ā-ahu o te papa karāneti i te papa whakarewa, ka taea te whakarato i tētahi tohutoro ine pumau ake mō ngā taputapu ine haurua-ira.
Hei tāpiritanga, nā te hanganga tioata o te karāhe ka tino ōrite te kawe wera. Ina whakaputa wera te taputapu, ina rerekē rānei te pāmahana o te taiao, ka taea e te papa karāhe te kawe tere me te ōrite i te wera, ka karo i te wera nui o te rohe, i te makariri rawa rānei, kia mau tonu ai te ōritetanga o te pāmahana o te papa, ā, kia mau tonu ai te pumau o te tika o te ine.
Te tukanga me te tikanga mō te ine i te pumau o te wera
Hei aromatawai tika i te pumau o te pāmahana o te papa granite i roto i ngā taputapu ine haurua-haurua, kua hangaia e mātou he kaupapa ine pakari. Kōwhiria he taputapu ine haurua-haurua tino tika, he papa granite tukatuka tino tika kei roto. I roto i te taiao whakamātautau, i whakaatahia te awhe rerekētanga pāmahana noa i roto i te awheawhe hanga haurua-haurua, arā, te whakamahana haere mai i te 20℃ ki te 35℃ kātahi ka whakamatao anō ki te 20℃. E 8 hāora te roa o te tukanga katoa.
I runga i te papa granite o te taputapu ine, ka whakatakotoria ngā papa silicon paerewa tino tika, ā, ka whakamahia ngā pūoko nekehanga me te tika o te nanoscale hei aroturuki i ngā huringa tūranga whanaunga i waenga i ngā papa silicon me te papa i te wā tūturu. I taua wā, ka whakaritea he maha ngā pūoko pāmahana tino tika ki ngā tūranga rerekē i runga i te papa hei aroturuki i te tohatoha pāmahana i runga i te mata o te papa. I te wā o te whakamātautau, i tuhia ngā raraunga nekehanga me ngā raraunga pāmahana i ia 15 meneti hei whakarite i te tino me te tika o ngā raraunga.
Ngā raraunga ine me te tātari hua
Te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā huringa pāmahana me ngā huringa rahi o te papaaho
E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga whakamātautau, ina piki te pāmahana mai i te 20℃ ki te 35℃, he tino iti te panonitanga o te rahi rārangi o te papa granite. Whai muri i te tatau, puta noa i te tukanga whakamahana katoa, ko te whānuitanga rārangi mōrahi o te papa he 0.3 nanometer anake, he iti iho i te awhe manawanui hapa mō te tika o te ine i roto i ngā tukanga hanga semiconductor. I te wā whakamatao, ka taea e te rahi o te papa te hoki tata katoa ki te āhua tīmatanga, ā, ka taea te wareware i te āhuatanga whakaroa o te panonitanga rahi. Ko tēnei āhuatanga o te pupuri i ngā panonitanga āhua tino iti ahakoa i raro i ngā huringa pāmahana nui e whakamana ana i te pumau wera tino pai o te papa granite.
Te tātari i te ōritetanga o te pāmahana i runga i te mata o te papaaho
E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga i kohia e te pūoko pāmahana, i te wā e whakahaerehia ana te taputapu me te tukanga huringa pāmahana, he tino ōrite te tohatoha pāmahana i runga i te mata o te papa granite. Ahakoa i te wā e tino rerekē ana te pāmahana, ka whakahaerehia tonutia te rerekētanga pāmahana i waenga i ia pūwāhi ine i runga i te mata o te papa i roto i te ±0.1℃. Mā te tohatoha pāmahana ōrite ka ārai i te whakarerekētanga o te papa i puta mai i te ahotea wera kore taurite, ka whakarite i te papatahi me te pumau o te mata tohutoro ine, ā, ka whakarato i tētahi taiao ine pono mō ngā taputapu ine ira haurua-ira.
Ki te whakataurite ki ngā papa rauemi tuku iho
I whakaritea ngā raraunga ine o te tūāpapa karāhe ki ngā raraunga o ngā taputapu ine haurua-haurua o te momo kotahi e whakamahi ana i te tūāpapa konumohe, ā, he nui ngā rerekētanga. I raro i ngā āhuatanga whakarerekētanga pāmahana ōrite, ko te whānui raina o te tūāpapa konumohe konumohe he teitei ki te 2.5 nanometer, he nui ake i te waru ngā wā i te tūāpapa karāhe. I taua wā, ko te tohatoha pāmahana i runga i te mata o te tūāpapa konumohe konumohe he kore taurite, ko te rerekētanga pāmahana mōrahi ka eke ki te 0.8℃, ka hua ake he rerekētanga kitea o te tūāpapa, ā, he tino pā ki te tika o te ine.
I roto i te ao tino tika o ngā taputapu ine irahiko haurua-ira, ko ngā papa granite, me tōna pumau wera tino pai, kua noho hei pou matua mō te whakarite i te tika o te ine. Ko ngā raraunga ine e whakaatu kaha ana i te mahi tino pai o te papa granite ki te urupare ki ngā huringa pāmahana, e whakarato ana i te tautoko hangarau pono mō te umanga hanga semiconductor. I te ahu whakamua o ngā tukanga hanga semiconductor ki te tika teitei ake, ka piki haere te painga o te pumau wera o ngā papa granite, ka akiaki tonu i te auahatanga hangarau me te whanaketanga i roto i te umanga.
Wā tuku: Mei-13-2025