I roto i te ao whakaputa ahumahi, ko te whakahaere pumau o ngā taputapu te kaupapa matua hei whakarite i te kaha whakaputa me te whai huatanga. Heoi, ko te raruraru o te korenga o ngā taputapu i puta mai i te waikura o ngā turanga rino maka tuku iho kua roa e pāngia ana e te umanga hanga. Mai i ngā taputapu ine tika ki ngā taputapu mīhini taumaha, ina waikura ngā turanga rino maka, ehara i te mea ka arahi noa ki te ine hē me te pakaru o ngā wāhanga mīhini, engari ka raru pea ngā taputapu me te aukati i te whakaputanga. Ko te turanga karāhe, me ōna āhuatanga ā-taiao ārai-waikura, ka tukuna he otinga kotahi-mō-ake ki ngā umanga.
Te waikura o ngā turanga rino maka: He "kaikōhuru e kore e kitea" i roto i te hanga ahumahi
I mua, i whakamahia whānuitia ngā turanga rino maka i roto i ngā taputapu ahumahi maha nā te iti o te utu me te ngāwari o te tukatuka. Heoi, ko te rino maka he koranu rino-waro. Kei roto i tōna hanganga o roto he maha ngā pūwero me ngā poke moroiti, e tino ngāwari ana ki te tauhohenga waikura me te makuku me te hāora i te rangi, ka hanga waikura. I roto i ngā taiao awheawhe makuku, i ngā rohe takutai he nui te rehu tote, i te wā rānei e pāngia ana e ngā matū pēnei i te whakamatao me ngā kai horoi waikawa, kawakore rānei, ka piki haere te tere waikura o ngā turanga rino maka. E ai ki ngā tatauranga, i roto i te taiao ahumahi noa, ka kitea te waikura o ngā turanga rino maka i ia 2 ki te 3 tau. Heoi, i roto i ngā taiao haumākū teitei, waikura rānei, ka taea te whakapoto i tōna roanga mahi ki raro iho i te kotahi tau.
I muri i te waikura, ka āta tihorea te mata o te turanga rino maka, ka kore e ōrite, ka heke te tika o te tāutanga o ngā taputapu, ā, ka puta he raruraru pēnei i te wiri nui me ngā wāhanga wetewete. Mō ngā taputapu ine tika, ko ngā whakarerekētanga iti i puta mai i te waikura o te turanga ka arahi pea ki te horapa o ngā hapa ine ki te neke atu i te ±5μm, ka kore ai e whai tikanga te tirotiro hua. Mō ngā taputapu mīhini taumaha, ko te kino o te hanganga i puta mai i te waikura ka arahi pea ki te kati ohorere o ngā taputapu, ka hua ake te pararutiki o te raina whakaputa. I pāngia tētahi wheketere hanga wāhanga motuka i ngā hapa maha o tana taputapu ine taunga tika nā te waikura o te turanga rino maka. Neke atu i te kotahi miriona yuan te mate ōhanga tika i puta mai i te wā kore mahi o ngā taputapu i roto i te tau.
Turanga karāhe: He "whakamarumaru ā-taiao" ārai-waikura
He kōhatu tūturu te karāneti i hangaia mā roto i ngā tukanga whenua mō ngā rau miriona tau. He tata te whakarāneti o ngā tioata kohuke o roto, ā, he matotoru, he ōrite hoki tōna hanganga, e whakarato ana i te painga ā-roto ki te ātete ki te waikura. He tino pumau ngā āhuatanga matū o ngā wāhanga matua o te karāneti (quartz, feldspar, mika, me ētahi atu) ā, kāore e tauhohe ki ngā matū waikawa, kawakore rānei. Ahakoa he roa te wā e pā ana ki ngā wai waikura pērā i te whakamatao me ngā kaihoko horoi, kāore he waikura e puta. Hei tāpiri, tata kore he pūwero o te mata o te karāneti, ā, kāore e taea e te wai te uru ki roto, e whakakore ana i te tūponotanga o te waikura me te waikura mai i te pakiaka.
E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga whakamātautau, ina whakanohoia te karāneti me te rino maka i te wā kotahi ki roto i tētahi taiao tino waikura kei roto he otinga konutai pūhaumāota 10%, ka kitea ngā ira waikura o te rino maka i roto i ngā hāora 48, ā, i muri i te 1000 hāora o te whakamātautau, ka noho maeneene tonu te mata o te karāneti me te mea hou, kāore he tohu waikura. Mā tēnei mahi ārai-waikura tino pai ka taea e ngā turanga karāneti te whakaatu i ngā painga nui i roto i ngā ahumahi he kaha te waikura pērā i te hangarau matū, te tukatuka kai, me te hangarau moana.
Te Arotautanga Utu Huringa Ora Katoa: Mai i te "Haumitanga Poto" ki te "Whakahokinga Poto"
Ahakoa he nui ake te utu tīmatanga mō ngā turanga karāhe i te rino maka, mai i te tirohanga o te huringa ora katoa o ngā taputapu, ko ngā painga whānui e puta mai ana he nui atu i te rerekētanga utu. Me tiaki tonu te turanga rino maka nā te waikura (pēnei i te tango waikura me te peita anō), ā, ko te utu tiaki ā-tau e tata ana ki te 10% ki te 15% o te utu hoko. Mēnā he kino te waikura, me whakakapi te turanga katoa, ka piki ake te wā kore mahi me ngā utu whakakapinga o ngā taputapu. Kāore e hiahiatia he tiaki mō te turanga karāhe, he roa ake te ora ratonga mō te 20 tau, ā, ka mau tonu te tika me te mahi pumau puta noa i te whakamahinga, ka whakaiti i ngā pakaru me te wā kore mahi o ngā taputapu.
I muri i te whakakapinga o te turanga rino maka o te raina whakaputa e tētahi umanga hanga hiko ki te turanga karāhe, ka heke te tere o te kore mahi o ngā taputapu mā te 85%, ka roa ake te huringa whakatikatika o ngā taputapu ine mai i te kotahi i te marama ki te kotahi i te tau, ā, ka heke te utu whānui ā-tau mā te 40%. Hei tāpiri, nā te pumau teitei o te turanga karāhe kua piki ake te tere o te tohu hua, ā, ka nui ake ngā painga ōhanga.
I roto i te ngaru o te whakapai ake i ngā taputapu ahumahi, ko te nekehanga mai i ngā turanga rino maka ki ngā turanga karāhe ehara i te mea he putanga rauemi anake engari he pekepeketanga anō hoki i roto i ngā ariā whakaputa mai i te "whakaoti" ki te "hiranga". Mā te whiriwhiri i tētahi turanga karāhe, kāore e taea e ngā umanga te whakaoti rapanga o te waikura me te pirau anake, engari ka taea hoki te whakatutuki i te whakapainga takirua i roto i te pai o te whakaputa me ngā painga ōhanga mā te whakahaere pumau mō te wā roa o ngā taputapu, e whakatakoto ana i tētahi turanga pakari mō te whanaketanga kounga teitei i roto i te wā o te hanga mohio.
Wā tuku: Mei-13-2025