I roto i te mara o te hanga tino tika, ko te whakaaro hē noa ko "he nui ake te kiato = he pakari ake = he nui ake te tika". Ko te turanga karāhe, me te kiato o te 2.6-2.8g/cm³ (7.86g/cm³ mō te rino maka), kua eke ki te tika e hipa ana i te maikoromita, i te nanometa rānei. Kei muri i tēnei āhuatanga "koretake" kei reira te hononga hohonu o te mineralogy, te miihini me ngā tikanga tukatuka. Ka tātarihia e te tuhinga e whai ake nei ōna mātāpono pūtaiao mai i ngā taha matua e whā.
1. Kiato ≠ Pakari: Te tūranga matua o te hanganga rauemi
Ko te hanganga karaihe "honikoma tūturu" o te karāhe
He mea tito te karāneti i ngā tioata kohuke pērā i te kuata (SiO₂) me te feldspar (KAlSi₃O₈), e hono tata ana mā roto i ngā hononga ionic/covalent, ka hanga he hanganga rite ki te honikoma e hono tahi ana. Nā tēnei hanganga ka whakawhiwhia ki a ia ngā āhuatanga ahurei:
He rite te kaha pēhi ki te kaha o te rino maka: e eke ana ki te 100-200 mpa (100-250 mpa mō te rino maka hina), engari he iti ake te modulus rapa (70-100 gpa vs 160-200 gpa mō te rino maka), ko te tikanga he iti ake te tūponotanga ka pāngia e te āhua kirihou i raro i te kaha.
Te tukunga ā-taiao o te ahotea ā-roto: Kua koroheketia te karāneti mō ngā rau miriona tau o ngā tukanga whenua, ā, kua tata te ahotea toenga ā-roto ki te kore. Ina whakamataohia te rino maka (me te tere whakamatao > 50℃/s), ka puta te ahotea ā-roto tae atu ki te 50-100 mpa, me whakakore tēnei mā te whakamahana horihori. Ki te kore te maimoatanga e tino tika, ka ngāwari te hurihanga i te whakamahinga roa.
2. Te hanganga whakarewa "maha-koha" o te rino maka
He koranu rino-waro te rino maka, ā, he hapa ōna pērā i te karāpeti maramara, ngā pūwero me te pūwero mimiti i roto.
Te hanganga pakaru o te karāpiti: He rite te karāpiti marara ki ngā "ngatata iti" o roto, ā, ka heke te horahanga kawenga tuturu o te rino maka mā te 30%-50%. Ahakoa he teitei te kaha pēhi, he iti te kaha piko (1/5-1/10 noa iho o te kaha pēhi), ā, he ngāwari ki te pakaru nā te kukū o te ahotea ā-rohe.
He nui te mātotoru engari he kore taurite te tohatoha papatipu: Kei roto i te rino maka he 2% ki te 4% te waro. I te wā e maka ana, ka taea e te wehenga o ngā huānga waro te whakaputa i ngā rerekētanga mātotoru o te ±3%, ko te karāhe he rite te tohatoha o ngā kohuke neke atu i te 95%, e whakarite ana i te pumau o te hanganga.
Tuarua, ko te painga tika o te iti o te mātotoru: te pehi rua i te wera me te wiri
Ko te "painga tūturu" o te whakahaere i te whakarerekētanga wera
He rerekē rawa te tauwehenga o te whakawhanuitanga wera: ko te karāhe he 0.6-5×10⁻⁶/℃, ko te rino maka he 10-12×10⁻⁶/℃. Hei tauira, ko te turanga 10-mita. Ina huri te pāmahana mā te 10℃:
Te whānui me te whakawhāiti o te karāhe: 0.06-0.5mm
Te whakawhanui me te whakahekenga o te rino maka: 1-1.2mm
Nā tēnei rerekētanga ka tata kore te kirikiri e "whakarerekē i te āhua" i roto i te taiao e tino whakahaerehia ana te pāmahana (pērā i te ±0.5℃ i roto i te awheawhe haurua-ira), engari me whakamahi he pūnaha whakamāmā wera tāpiri mō te rino maka.
Te rerekētanga o te kawe wera: Ko te kawe wera o te karāhe he 2-3W/(m · K), he 1/20-1/30 noa iho i tērā o te rino maka (50-80W/(m · K)). I roto i ngā āhuatanga whakamahana taputapu (pērā i te wā e eke ana te pāmahana o te motuka ki te 60℃), ko te pikinga pāmahana o te mata o te karāhe he iti iho i te 0.5℃/m, ko te pikinga pāmahana o te rino maka ka eke ki te 5-8℃/m, ka hua ake he whānui ā-rohe kāore i te ōrite, ā, ka pā ki te tika o te ara ārahi.
2. Te pānga "whakamarumaru taiao" o te pehi wiri
Te tikanga whakamarara i te kaha o te rohe o te witi ā-roto: Ka taea e ngā whatiwhatinga moroiti me te paheke o te rohe o te witi i waenga i ngā tioata karāhe te whakamarara tere i te kaha wiri, me te ōwehenga whakaiti o te 0.3-0.5 (mō te rino maka he 0.05-0.1 noa iho). E whakaatu ana te whakamātautau i te wiri o te 100Hz:
E 0.1 hēkona te roa ka pirau te kaha o te karāhe ki te 10%.
E 0.8 hēkona te roa o te rino maka
Mā tēnei rerekētanga ka taea te pumau tonu te kirikiri i roto i ngā taputapu neke tere (pērā i te matawai 2m/s o te pane paninga), ka karohia te hapa o ngā "tohu wiri".
Te pānga whakamuri o te papatipu korekore: Ko te iti o te kiato he iti ake te papatipu i roto i te rōrahi kotahi, ā, he iti ake te kaha korekore (F=ma) me te nekehanga (p=mv) o te wāhanga neke. Hei tauira, ina whakaterea he anga gantry granite 10-mita (12 tana te taumaha) ki te 1.5G ki te whakarite ki te anga rino maka (20 tana), ka whakaitihia te kaha taraiwa e hiahiatia ana mā te 40%, ka heke te pānga tīmatanga-mutu, ā, ka whakapai ake i te tika o te tūnga.
III. Te whanaketanga o te tika o te hangarau tukatuka "e kore e whakawhirinaki ki te kiato"
1. Te urutau ki te tukatuka tino tika
Te whakahaere i te huri me te whakakanapa "taumata-kiriata": Ahakoa he teitei ake te pakeke o te karāneti (6-7 i te tauine Mohs) i te rino maka (4-5 i te tauine Mohs), he ōrite te hanganga kohuke, ā, ka taea te tango i roto i te ngota mā te whakakanapa taimana me te whakakanapa magnetorheological (te matotoru whakakanapa kotahi < 10nm), ā, ka taea e te taratara o te mata Ra te eke ki te 0.02μm (taumata whakaata). Heoi, nā te mea he matūriki ngohengohe o te karāneti i roto i te rino maka, ka puta te "pānga parapara huruhuru" i te wā e huri ana, ā, he uaua ki te iti iho te taratara o te mata i te Ra 0.8μm.
Ko te painga "iti te ahotea" o te mīhini CNC: I te tukatuka i te karāhe, ko te kaha tapahi he 1/3 noa iho o te kaha o te rino maka (nā te iti o te kiato me te iti o te modulus elastic), ka taea ai te tere hurihuri teitei ake (100,000 hurihanga ia meneti) me ngā tere whāngai (5000mm/min), ka whakaiti i te kakahu taputapu me te whakarei ake i te pai o te tukatuka. E whakaatu ana tētahi take mīhini e rima-tuaka he 25% te poto ake o te wā tukatuka o ngā awaawa arataki karāhe i te rino maka, ā, kua pai ake te tika ki te ±2μm.
2. Ngā rerekētanga o te "pānga whakaemi" o ngā hapa huihuinga
Te tauhohenga mekameka o te taumaha wāhanga kua whakaitihia: Ka taea te whakamārama i ngā wāhanga pēnei i ngā motuka me ngā ara ārahi e honoa ana ki ngā turanga iti-kiato i te wā kotahi. Hei tauira, ina whakaitihia te mana o te motuka raina mā te 30%, ka heke anō hoki tōna whakaputanga wera me te wiri, ka hanga he huringa pai o te "tino pai ake - te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao".
Te pupuri i te tika mō te wā roa: Ko te ātete waikura o te karāhe he 15 ngā wā i te rino maka (he ātete te quartz ki te waikura waikawa me te kawakore). I roto i te taiao kohu waikawa haurua-waenga, ko te huringa taratara o te mata i muri i te 10 tau o te whakamahinga he iti iho i te 0.02μm, ko te rino maka me huri me te whakatika i ia tau, me te hapa tāpiri o te ±20μm.
Iv. Ngā Taunakitanga Ahumahi: Te Tauira Pai rawa atu o te Matotoru Iti ≠ Te Mahi Iti
Ngā taputapu whakamātautau haurua-whakahaere
Ngā raraunga whakatairite o tētahi tūāpapa tirotiro wafer:
2. Ngā taputapu whatu tino tika
He mea hanga te anga kite infrared o te Karu Whānui James Webb a NASA ki te karāhe. Mā te whakamahi i tōna kiato iti (he whakaiti i te kawenga amiorangi) me te iti o te horapa wera (he pumau i ngā pāmahana tino iti o te -270℃) ka whakaritehia te tika o te whakarārangi whatu taumata-nano, ā, ka whakakorea te mōrearea o te rino maka kia pakarukaru i ngā pāmahana iti.
Whakamutunga: Auahatanga "whakaaro noa" i roto i te pūtaiao rauemi
Ko te painga o te tika o ngā turanga karāhe kei roto i te wikitoria o te arorau rauemi o te "rite hanganga > kiato, pumau ru wera > pakari ngāwari". Ehara i te mea ko tōna iti kiato kāore i waiho hei ngoikore, engari kua eke hoki ki te pikinga o te tika mā roto i ngā mahi pēnei i te whakaiti i te koretake, te arotau i te whakahaere wera, me te urutau ki te tukatuka tino tika. E whakaatu ana tēnei āhuatanga i te ture matua o te hanga tika: ko ngā āhuatanga rauemi he taurite whānui o ngā tawhā maha-ahu, kaua ki te kohikohi noa o ngā tohu takitahi. I te whanaketanga o te nanotechnology me te hanga matomato, kei te tautuhi anō ngā rauemi karāhe iti-kiato me te mahi teitei i te tirohanga ahumahi o te "taumaha" me te "māmā", "pakari" me te "ngāwari", e whakatuwhera ana i ngā ara hou mō te hanga teitei.
Wā tuku: Mei-19-2025