Te Tūranga o ngā Wāhanga Tika o te Granite i roto i te Hanganga Hou me te Whakapūmau Kounga

I roto i te whai tonu i te tino pai e tautuhi ana i te hanga hou, he mea nui ngā huānga matua e tautoko ana i ngā tukanga tika, pērā i ngā hangarau hou tonu. I a ngā ahumahi e pana ana i ngā rohe o te whakaitiiti, te tere, me te tika, kāore anō kia teitei ake te hiahia mō ngā wāhanga ka taea te whakarato i te pumau me te tika. I roto i ngā rauemi kua eke ki tēnei wero, ko te karāhe te mea nui rawa atu, inā koa i roto i te ahua o ngā wāhanga tika kua whakauruhia ki roto i ngā pūnaha hanga matatau me ngā tikanga whakapumau kounga pakari. Ko tōna ranunga ahurei o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me ngā āhuatanga miihini he mea pai mō ngā tono i reira ahakoa ngā pekapeka iti ka arahi ki ngā rahunga kino, ki ngā whakahekenga nui rānei o te mahi.

Ehara i te mea tūpono te hiranga o te karāneti i roto i ngā mahi hanga hou; he hua tika tēnei nō ōna āhuatanga ā-roto e tino rite ana ki ngā whakaritenga pakari o te hangarau tino tika. Ka whai wāhi ngātahi ēnei āhuatanga ki te mahi pai me te pono o ngā pūnaha e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā wāhanga karāneti.

Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino nui o te karāneti ko tōna pumau āhuahanga whakamiharo, ko te nuinga o te wā e akiakihia ana e tōna tauwehenga whakawhanui wera (CTE). Kāore i rite ki ngā rauemi whakarewa, he ngāwari ki te whakawhanui me te whakawhāiti nui i ngā huringa pāmahana, he iti noa ngā huringa āhuahanga o te karāneti. Hei tauira, ko te CTE o te karāneti kei roto i te awhe o te 3 ki te 7 × 10⁻⁶/°C, he iti iho i tērā o te maitai, te rino maka rānei. He mea nui tēnei ātete ā-roto ki te whakarerekētanga wera i roto i ngā taiao e taea ai e ngā rerekētanga pāmahana, ahakoa he iti noa iho, te whakaputa hapa ine nui, ngā nekehanga hanganga rānei. I roto i ngā tono pēnei i te whakaahua whakaahua i roto i te hanga semiconductor, e whakaatuhia ana ngā āhuatanga i te tauine nanometer, kāore e taea te whiriwhiri i te pupuri i ngā āhuahanga ōrite. Mā te pumau wera o te karāneti ka noho tonu ngā huānga taketake o aua taputapu ki te āhuahanga, ka tiakina te pono o te tukanga hanga.

He tino ngāwari ngā tukanga hanga hou, inā koa ko ngā mea e whakamahi ana i te mīhini tere-rahi, te tūnga tino pai, ngā inenga whatu tairongo rānei, ki ngā pānga kino o te wiri. Ka taea e ngā wiri te arahi ki te haruru taputapu, te whakahekenga o te kounga o te mata, ngā inenga hē, tae atu ki te kino ki ngā wāhanga ngawari. He tino pai te karāneti ki te whakaiti i ēnei take nā ōna āhuatanga pai rawa atu mō te whakaiti i te wiri. Ko tōna hanganga matotoru, tioata ka mimiti me te whakamarara i ngā wiri miihini, ka ārai i te tuku ki ngā wāhanga nui, ki ngā wāhanga mahi rānei. He mea nui tēnei kaha whakaiti kore mahi mō te hanga i tētahi

taiao pumau, "marie" hoki mō ngā mahi tairongo. Hei tauira, ina tukuna ngā wiri o waho ki ngā taputapu whakaputa, ka taea e ngā wāhanga tika o te karāhe te mimiti me te whakaiti i te neke atu i te 80% o te kaha wiri, ka whakaiti nui i te pānga ki ngā taputapu tika. Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia whakahaerehia te hapa tūranga whanaunga i waenga i ngā huānga nui, pērā i te anga silicon me te kopare photolithography, i te taumata nanometer.

He tino mārō, he ātete hoki te karāneti, ā, ko te pakeketanga o te karāneti he 6 ki te 7 te nuinga. Mā tēnei āhuatanga ka taea e ngā wāhanga tika o te karāneti te tu atu ki ngā nekehanga me ngā kawenga miihini mō te wā roa, me te kore e pakaru nui, e heke rānei ō rātou mata tika. I roto i ngā tukanga whakaputa tonu me te wā roa, pērā i te hanga haurua-ira, me mahi pūmau ngā taputapu mō ngā wā roa. Kāore ngā wāhanga tika o te karāneti e ngāwari ki te pakaru, ā, ka taea te pupuri tonu i te mahi pumau me te tika. Hei tāpiri, kāore i rite ki ngā konganuku, kāore te karāneti e pāngia e te whakarerekētanga ngenge, te heke rānei o te mahi i te wā e whakamahia ana mō te wā roa. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka taea e ngā taputapu e whakamahi ana i ngā wāhanga karāneti te pupuri i te tino tika me te pumau i muri i te whakamahinga roa, ka whakaitihia te tere hapa hua i puta mai i te hekenga o te tika o ngā taputapu me te whakaheke i ngā utu whakaputa katoa.

Ko te umanga haurua-ira te tihi o te tika o te hanga o ēnei rā, ā, kua heke te tauine o ngā mahi ki te ao nanometer. I tēnei taiao tino uaua, he mahi nui, he mahi kore e taea te whakakapi e ngā wāhanga tika o te karāhe.

He taahiraa nui te whakaahua-ipurangi i roto i te whakawhiti i ngā tauira hoahoa o ngā maramara ki ngā papa silicon. Me pupuri te tēpu mahi o te mīhini whakaahua-ipurangi i te pumau tino teitei mō tēnei tukanga. Ka wehea e ngā papa mahi tino tika o te karāneti te pokanoa wiri mai i te papa awheawhe me ētahi atu taputapu, kia mōhio ai kei te whakahaerehia te hapa tūranga whanaunga i waenga i te papa silicon me te kopare whakaahua-ipurangi i te taumata nanometer i te wā e whakaatuhia ana, kia taurangi ai te whakawhiti tika o te tauira. Hei tāpiri, ka whakaratohia e ngā peera hau karāneti tino tika he tūāpapa pumau, iti-waku mō te whakahaere me te nekehanga o ngā papa semiconductor, kia mōhio ai kei te tika te tūnga mō te tukatuka, te tirotiro, me te whakamātautau.

I roto i te tukanga whakairo maramara, ahakoa he iti noa te huringa o te pāmahana, ka taea e ia te whakawhanui i ngā wāhanga matua i roto i te wera, ka puta he rerekētanga o te hohonu me te tika o te whakairo. Mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu tika o te karāhe hei tautoko me ngā wāhanga amo kawenga ka ārai i tēnei, ka whakarite kia tino tika me te ōrite te tukanga whakairo. Waihoki, i roto i ngā taputapu tākai maramara, ko te kounga mata tino tika o ngā wāhanga pēnei i ngā ara ārahi me ngā retireti tika o te karāhe ka whakaiti i te waku me te kakahu i waenga i ngā wāhanga neke. Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia whakahaerehia te hapa o te ara nekehanga o te pane tākai i te wā e kohia ana, e whakatakotoria ana hoki te maramara i te taumata maikiromita, i te taumata nanometa rānei, kia tutuki ai te whakaritenga tika me te hononga pono.

Ko te whakapūmau kounga (QA) te poutokomanawa o te hanga hou, e whakarite ana kia tutuki ngā hua i ngā whakaritenga pakari, kia pono hoki te mahi. Ko te ine kounga te kaupapa matua o te QA, ā, ko te karāhe te rauemi matua mō te nuinga o āna taputapu tino nui.

Ko ngā Mīhini Ine Taurite (CMM) ngā taputapu matua o te tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga hou, e whakamahia ana hei manatoko i te āhua o ngā wāhanga uaua puta noa i ngā ahumahi mai i te rererangi ki te motuka. Ko te tika o te CMM e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pumau o tōna turanga me ngā huānga hanganga. Ko te karāhe te rauemi whiriwhiri mō ngā turanga me ngā anga CMM nā te mea he tino pumau ngā āhuatanga me ngā āhuatanga ārai wiri. Ka whakaratohia e te turanga karāhe he papa tohutoro pakari, pumau hoki e whakarite ana kia tika te tuhi i ngā nekehanga o te taputapu ine, kia kore ai he hapa i puta mai i ngā huringa taiao, i ngā wiri mīhini rānei.

I te mea ka kaha haere ngā ātete hangahanga, ka nui haere te whakamahi i ngā pūnaha tirotiro whatu mō ngā inenga kore-pā, taumira teitei. Ko ēnei pūnaha, e whakamahi ana i ngā taiaho me ngā whatu whakanui-teitei, he tino tairongo ki ngā wiri me te nekehanga wera. Ko ngā wāhanga tika o te karāhe, pērā i ngā ripanga whatu me ngā wāhanga kawe hau, ka whakarato i te pumau e tika ana mō ēnei taputapu ngawari. Ka whakarite kia noho tika tonu ngā wāhanga whatu, ā, kāore e whakararuhia ngā inenga e te haruru taiao. Hei tāpiri, ka whakamahia ngā peera hau karāhe tika hei tautoko me te whakataurite i ngā taputapu me ngā taputapu ine, kia mau tonu ai te tika me te tika i te wā o te tukanga whakataurite.

I te whanaketanga o te ahumahi ki te Ahumahi 4.0, e tohuhia ana e te aunoatanga, te whakawhitiwhiti raraunga, me ngā wheketere atamai, kei te huri haere hoki te tūranga o ngā wāhanga tika. Ahakoa kei te mau tonu te hiahia taketake mō te pumau me te tika, kei te matatau haere te whakaurunga o ngā wāhanga karāhe ki roto i ēnei pūnaha matatau.

Ko te heke mai o te hanga tino tika e uru ana ki ngā pūnaha nekehanga tino hihiri, tere-teitei. Kei te piki haere te whakaurunga o ngā wāhanga tino tika o te karāhe ki te hangarau whāriki hau matatau me ngā motuka raina hei hanga i ngā wāhanga nekehanga tino tika, kore-waku. Ka tukuna e ēnei pūnaha te tika me te tere o te tūnga, he mea nui mō te hanga semiconductor o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei, ngā whatu matatau, me te miihini moroiti. Ko te whakakotahitanga o te pumau o te karāhe me te nekehanga kore-waku o ngā whāriki hau e whakarato ana i tētahi tūāpapa e taea ai te whakatutuki i ngā tono tino nui o ngā hangarau hanga o te heke mai.

I te mea ka nui haere ngā āwangawanga mō te taiao, kei te tirotirohia te pumau o ngā tukanga hanga. He rauemi taiao te karāneti, ā, he painga taiao tōna ki ngā rauemi hangarau e hiahia ana ki ngā tukanga hanga nui te pūngao. Hei tāpiri, ko te roa o te ora me te iti o ngā whakaritenga tiaki o ngā wāhanga karāneti ka whai wāhi ki tētahi huringa hanga pumau ake mā te whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā whakakapinga auau me te whakaiti i te para.

Ko ngā wāhanga tino tika o te karāneti ngā toa rongonui o te hanga hou me te whakapūmau kounga. Nā te huinga ahurei o te pumau o ngā āhuatanga, te aukati wiri pai rawa atu, me te pono mō te wā roa, he mea nui rawa atu ēnei i roto i ngā taiao e tino hira ana te tika. Mai i ngā mahi hanga semiconductor iti ki te manatoko i ngā āhuatanga o ngā wāhanga rererangi, ka whakaratohia e te karāneti te turanga pakari e hangaia ai ngā whanaketanga hangarau hou. I a ngā ahumahi e pana tonu ana i ngā rohe o ngā mea ka taea, ka nui haere te hiranga o ngā wāhanga tino tika o te karāneti, kia taea ai e ngā tukanga hanga o āpōpō te whakatutuki i ngā taumata o te tika me te pono e hiahiatia ana hei akiaki i te auahatanga ki mua.